scholarly journals دراسة تصنيفية لبعض أنواع ذباب الرمل المتواجد في منطقتي صرمان وصبراتة

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
أريج امحمد شنيبيش ◽  
ايناس صالح الميهوب ◽  
وليد خليفه السعداوي
Keyword(s):  
Phlebotomus Papatasi

ذباب الرمل حشرات صغيرة التي تنتمي إلى رتبة  Dipteraتنتمي إلى عائلة Phlebotomine، يمكن التعرف على ذبابة الرمل من خلال حجمها الصغير حوالي 2-4 مم وجسمها المغطى بالشعر، الأرجل الطويلة، والأجنحة التي تكون مرفوعة بزاوية 45 درجة، ونمط طيرانها. و تؤدي أنـواع ذباب الرمل Phlebotomus spp دوراً مهماً في نقل طفيل اللشمانيا Leishmaina ، وهي طفيليات أولية المسؤولة عن مجموعة من الأمراض التي تعرف بداء اللشمانيات Leishmaniasis، ويختلف انتـشار هـذه الأنـواع بـاختلاف البيئات. هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد ومعرفة أنواع ذباب الرمل المتواجدة في منطقتي صرمان وصبراتة، حيث تم استخدم مصائد ورقية لاصقة (Sticky paper) في تجميع ذباب الرمل خلال مدة الدراسة الممتدة من شهر مايو إلى شهر أكتوبر 2019، عدد العينات المجمعة خلال هذه المدة 1242 عينة، حيث شملت العينات المجمعة 779 ذكر بنسبة (62.7%) و463 أنثي بنسبة (37.3%) وتمثلـت العينات المدروسة في جنسين مـن ذباب الرمل همـا: جـنس Phlebotomus بنـسبة (72.5%) وجـنس Sergentomyia بنسبة (27.5%)، وثلاثة تحـت أجنــاس subgenus هــي: Phlebotomus بنــسبة (%38.8)، Larroussious  بنسبة (33.6%) وSergentomyia بنسبة (27.5%)، وتم تصنيف وتمييز الجنسين المذكورين إلي أربعة أنواع هي: Phlebotomus papatasi بنسبة (38.8%)، Phlebotomus langeroni بنسبة (10%)، Phlebotomus longicuspis بنسبة (23.7%) و Sergentomia minuta بنسبة (27.5%). وكان نوع Phlebotomus papatasi هو السائد في المنطقة الدراسة.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Algeria; Highlight on the Focus of M’Sila

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Razika Beniklef ◽  
Karim Aoun ◽  
Karim Boudrissa ◽  
Meriem Ben Abid ◽  
Kamel Cherif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Psammomys Obesus ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Underlying Risk

Algeria ranks second after Afghanistan for the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) worldwide. Here, we report a 34-years retrospective analysis of CL in Algeria and focused on the most affected region, the M’Sila province. All 66 cutaneous isolates corresponded to Leishmania (L.) major. Our study of the sandfly and rodent fauna further highlighted the high density of Phlebotomus papatasi and additional phlebotomine species of medical importance, not previously identified in M’Sila. Wild rodents belonging to nine species were trapped in M’Sila, and Psammomys obesus and Meriones shawi were found infected by L. major. In addition, Leishmania infantum was isolated from two visceral leishmaniasis cases, one dog and its proven vectors (P. perniciosus, P. longicuspis, and P. perfiliewi) inventoried during the survey. The high incidence of CL in the M’Sila province is likely a consequence of the increase in minimum temperatures recorded that constitutes suitable conditions for establishing a high endemicity and leads to an explosive rise in leishmaniases cases in this region. A thorough investigation of the underlying risk factors is urgently needed to detect new cases earlier. All these would improve the preparedness to fight the disease.

A novel role for the peritrophic matrix in protecting Leishmania from the hydrolytic activities of the sand fly midgut

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. P. PIMENTA ◽  
G. B. MODI ◽  
S. T. PEREIRA ◽  
M. SHAHABUDDIN ◽  
D. L. SACKS
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Peritrophic Matrix ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Hydrolytic Activities ◽  
Natural Vector ◽  
Parasite Survival

The role of the peritrophic matrix (PM) in the development of Leishmania major infections in a natural vector, Phlebotomus papatasi, was investigated by addition of exogenous chitinase to the bloodmeal, which completely blocked PM formation. Surprisingly, the absence of the PM was associated with the loss of midgut infections. The chitinase was not directly toxic to the parasite, nor were midgut infections lost due to premature expulsion of the bloodmeal. Most parasites were killed in chitinase-treated flies within the first 4 h after feeding. Substantial early killing was also observed in control flies, suggesting that the lack of PM exacerbates lethal conditions which normally exist in the blood-fed midgut. Early parasite mortality was reversed by soybean trypsin inhibitor. Allosamadin, a specific inhibitor of chitinase, led to a thickening of the PM, and also prevented the early parasite mortality seen in infected flies. Susceptibility to gut proteases was extremely high in transitional-stage parasites, while amastigotes and fully transformed promastigotes were relatively resistant. A novel role for the PM in promoting parasite survival is suggested, in which the PM creates a barrier to the rapid diffusion of digestive enzymes, and limits the exposure of parasites to these enzymes during the time when they are especially vulnerable to proteolytic damage.

scholarly journals Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Merchant ◽  
Tian Yu ◽  
Jizhe Shi ◽  
Xuguo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Identification ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Diagnostic Assay ◽  
Vector Surveillance ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Imminent Threat

Phlebotomus papatasi, an Old World sand fly species, is primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. International travel, especially military rotations, between domestic locations and P. papatasi-prevalent regions in the Middle East poses an imminent threat to the public health of US citizens. Because of its small size and cryptic morphology, identification of P. papatasi is challenging and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting P. papatasi genomic DNA from mixed samples containing multiple sand flies native to the Americas. Serial dilution of P. papatasi samples demonstrated that this diagnostic assay could detect one P. papatasi from up to 255 non-target sand flies. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, this rapid identification tool is suited for a long-term surveillance program to screen for the presence of P. papatasi in the continental United States and to reveal geographical regions potentially vulnerable to sand fly-borne diseases.

Resistance of Phlebotomus papatasi to infection with Leishmania donovani is modulated by components of the infective bloodmeal

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. SCHLEIN ◽  
R. L. JACOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Alkaline Protease ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Proteolytic Activities

The circumstances which permit the establishment of Leishmania infections in sandflies were investigated by altering the growth conditions for L. donovani parasites in the unsuitable vector Phlebotomus papatasi. Only 5·0% of the sandflies harboured a few parasites 3 days after feeding on promastigotes in defibrinated blood. Heparinized blood or the addition of trypsin inhibitor to the meals allowed persistence of infections (day 6) in 9·9% and 25·8% of the flies respectively. Meals of erythrocytes, saline and amastigotes produced 44·4% fly infection on day 6, while similar promastigote-initiated infections remained in 70·3% of the flies. Proteolytic activities in the guts of sandflies fed on the above meals without parasites, were the highest after defibrinated bloodmeals. Erythrocytes with saline decreased the maximal alkaline protease level from 20·8 U to 13·5 U/fly; that of trypsin from 3·9 U to 1·8 U/fly and that of the aminopeptidase from 5·5 U to 3·9 U/fly. After meals of heparinized blood, the maximal alkaline protease activity (12·0 U/fly) was also much lower than after defibrinated blood-feeding. The different diets which resulted in comparatively low enzymatic activities, including blood with trypsin inhibitor, also promoted the survival of infections. This implies that the proteolytic activity in the sandfly gut modulates the vector susceptibility.

scholarly journals Effect of mouse antisera targeting the Phlebotomus papatasi midgut chitinase PpChit1 on sandfly physiology and fitness

2014 ◽  
Vol 109 (8) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maricela Robles-Murguia ◽  
Nicholas Bloedow ◽  
Leigh Murray ◽  
Marcelo Ramalho-Ortigão
Keyword(s):  
Phlebotomus Papatasi

scholarly journals Phlebotomus papatasi Antimicrobial Peptides in Larvae and Females and a Gut-Specific Defensin Upregulated by Leishmania major Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
Barbora Kykalová ◽  
Lucie Tichá ◽  
Petr Volf ◽  
Erich Loza Telleria
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phlebotomus Papatasi ◽  
Major Infection ◽  
Defensin Gene

Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World. We investigated whether P. papatasi immunity genes were expressed toward L. major, commensal gut microbes, or a combination of both. We focused on sand fly transcription factors dorsal and relish and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attacin and defensin and assessed their relative gene expression by qPCR. Sand fly larvae were fed food with different bacterial loads. Relish and AMPs gene expressions were higher in L3 and early L4 larval instars, while bacteria 16S rRNA increased in late L4 larval instar, all fed rich-microbe food compared to the control group fed autoclaved food. Sand fly females were treated with an antibiotic cocktail to deplete gut bacteria and were experimentally infected by Leishmania. Compared to non-infected females, dorsal and defensin were upregulated at early and late infection stages, respectively. An earlier increase of defensin was observed in infected females when bacteria recolonized the gut after the removal of antibiotics. Interestingly, this defensin gene expression occurred specifically in midguts but not in other tissues of females and larvae. A gut-specific defensin gene upregulated by L. major infection, in combination with gut-bacteria, is a promising molecular target for parasite control strategies.

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