Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated with Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, non communicable, multisystem disease that has reached epidemic proportions. Chronic exposure to hyperglycaemia affects the microvasculature, eventually leading to diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy with high impact on the quality of life and overall life expectancy. Sexual dysfunction is an often-overlooked microvascular complication of T2DM, with a complex pathogenesis originating from endothelial dysfunction. Objective: The purpose of this review is to present current definitions, epidemiological data and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and sexual dysfunction. We also describe the clinical and laboratory evaluation that is mandatory for the diagnosis of these conditions. Method: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify data from clinical studies for the prevalence, risk factors and diagnostic methods of microvascular complications of T2DM. Results: Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy affect approximately 25% of patients with T2DM; diabetic neuropathy is encountered in almost 50% of the diabetic population, while the prevalence of erectile dysfunction ranges from 35-90% in diabetic men. The duration of T2DM along with glycemic, blood pressure and lipid control are common risk factors for the development of these complications. Criteria for the diagnosis of these conditions are well established, but exclusion of other causes is mandatory. Conclusion: Early detection of microvascular complications associated with T2DM is important, as early intervention leads to better outcomes. However, this requires awareness of their definition, prevalence and diagnostic modalities.

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Diabetic nephropathy and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.metabol.2008.11.008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 504-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Ming-Chia Hsieh ◽

Kai-Jen Tien ◽

Daw-Shyong Perng ◽

Jeng-Yueh Hsiao ◽

Shun-Jen Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Peripheral Artery Disease ◽

Peripheral Artery ◽

Artery Disease

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Risk factors for diabetic nephropathy complications in community patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shanghai: Logistic regression and classification tree model analysis

The International Journal of Health Planning and Management ◽

10.1002/hpm.2871 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 1013-1024 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jieqiong Lou ◽

Limei Jing ◽

Hui Yang ◽

Fei Qin ◽

Wen Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Classification Tree ◽

Tree Model ◽

Classification Tree Model ◽

Community Patients

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The role of vitamin D deficiency and elevated inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Open Chemistry ◽

10.1515/chem-2021-0107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1183-1192

Author(s):

Ahmad El Askary ◽

Amal F. Gharib ◽

Mazen Almehmadi ◽

Maha Mahfouz Bakhuraysah ◽

Abdulaziz Ali Al Hajjiahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tnf Α

Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Albuminuria is the most sensitive marker for the early recognition of DN. Therefore, we aimed to study the risk factors of albuminuria as a marker of DN among diabetic patients. The study included 41 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 50 type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN) patients with macroalbuminuria, 43 T2DN patients with microalbuminuria and 38 healthy controls. Logistic regression was used to detect the most significant risk factors for albuminuria. A high statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding age, sex, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), lipid profile, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), the albumin–creatinine ratio (ACR), vitamin D, total parathyroid hormone (PTH), urea, total calcium and chemerin (p < 0.001). It was found that the duration of DM, BMI, glucose, GFR, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, ACR, vitamin D, PTH and chemerin are significant albuminuria risk factors in DN. Vitamin D deficiency and associated inflammatory mediators such as chemerin, TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP are the most essential risk factors for albuminuria in T2DM patients.

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