scholarly journals Container and Landscape Planting Depth and Root Ball Shaving Affects Magnolia grandiflora Root Architecture and Landscape Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Weather Event ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Plants were grown in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of planting depth in nursery containers and at a landscape installation to study effects on root architecture, growth, and mechanical stability of Magnolia grandiflora L. Planting depth into containers or landscape soil had no impact on bending stress to tilt trunks 40 months after landscape planting, and impacted neither trunk diameter nor tree height growth 68 months later. Trees planted 128 mm deep into 170 L containers had more circling roots at landscape planting and 68 months later than trees planted shallow in containers. Root pruning at landscape planting reduced the container imprint rating on the root system to one-third of that absent root pruning with only a 4 mm reduction in trunk diameter growth over 68 months. Improvement in root architecture from root pruning likely outweighs the rarely encountered downside of slightly less anchorage in an extreme weather event simulated by winching trunks. Trees planted 5 cm above grade were slightly—but significantly—less stable in landscape than trees planted deeper (10 cm below grade). Root pruning at planting to remove roots on root ball periphery appeared to improve root architecture while only slightly impacting growth and anchorage.

scholarly journals Impact of Nursery Root Pruning and Tree Orientation at Planting on Growth and Anchorage

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Second Year

Root pruning by shaving 12 L container root balls when shifting to 51 L containers did not impact Acer rubrum L. or Quercus virginiana Mill. root architecture within the top 12 cm of planted 51 L root balls five years later, despite marked differences at planting, and had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter increase. Root pruning in the nursery did not affect bending stress required to tilt Acer trunks up to five degrees (anchorage) either one, two, or three years after landscape planting. In contrast, anchorage was greater the second year after planting Quercus that were root pruned. Rotating trees 180 degrees at planting from their orientation in the nursery had no impact on Acer or Quercus anchorage, tree height, or trunk diameter. Rotating oak (not maple) trees 180 degrees at planting increased root cross-sectional area growing from the hot (south) side of the root ball when trees were rotated at planting.

scholarly journals Effect of Eight Container Types and Root Pruning During Nursery Production on Root Architecture of Acer rubrum

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Woody Root ◽  
Cardinal Direction ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
Porous Plastic ◽  
Container Type

There is a general understanding that roots deflect when striking solid nursery container walls, and that on trees with good vitality this occurs within weeks of shifting into larger containers. Root architecture is poorly understood when observed in containers with walls constructed of porous plastic and of materials other than plastic. The objective of this study was to measure impacts of container type, root pruning when shifting to a larger container, and cardinal direction on root architecture in nursery containers up to the #45 size (approximately 170 L). Trunk diameter in #45 containers varied less than 5 mm among eight container types and was not impacted by root pruning. More root growth occurred in the northern than southern half of containers. Container type had a small impact on root architecture; in contrast, root pruning by shaving the periphery of the root ball at each shift had a large impact. Shaving when shifting dramatically reduced the percentage of trees graded as culls and suppressed stem-girdling root formation compared to not shaving. Shaving shifted deflected woody root mass from the interior of the root ball to the exterior, making it simple to remove peripheral roots when planting into the landscape.

scholarly journals Effect of Liner Container Size, Root Ball Slicing, and Season of Root Pruning in a Field Nursery on Quercus virginiana Mill. Growth and Anchorage After Transplanting

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Dormant Season

Size of liner, root ball slicing when field planting, and field root pruning season were tested with intention of optimizing posttransplant performance of field-grown nursery stock. Trees planted into a field nursery from three container sizes and either root ball sliced or not when shifted to larger containers or planting to the field nursery, and root pruned in the field nursery in either the dormant season or growing season all had the same trunk diameter (144 mm) and tree height (6.4 m) three years after transplanting into the landscape. Container size influenced root attributes—including number and orientation—and anchorage rating of field-harvested trees. Trees planted from 11 L containers required more bending stress to winch trunks evaluated 12 and 25 months after transplanting than larger containers. Percentage of root systems graded as culls was reduced from 88 to 66 by root pruning when field planting, but root pruning resulted in a slight reduction in anchorage rating. Diameter of the ten largest roots at edge of field-harvested root ball decreased with size of container planted into field soil. Root pruning season had no impact on final tree height (4.3 m) at the conclusion of field production.

scholarly journals Early Landscape Performance of 20 Field-Grown Birch Genotypes at Two Locations in Arkansas, U.S. and Response to Irrigation

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-282
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Gu ◽  
James Robbins ◽  
Curt Rom
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
The Other ◽  
Annual Change ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth

Twenty birch genotypes were planted in the field in April 2002 to evaluate their survival and growth at Fayetteville and Hope, Arkansas, U.S., and to evaluate their response to two irrigation regimes at Fayetteville. After four growing seasons, the overall tree survival was 62% and 30% at Fayetteville and Hope, respectively. Betula pendula ‘Trost’s Dwarf’, B. ermanii, and B. albosinensis were among genotypes with the lowest survival at both locations. Betula populifolia, B. nigra ‘BNMTF’, B. nigra ‘Cully’, and B. × ‘Royal Frost’ had greater survival after four growing seasons than the other birch genotypes investigated. Betula nigra ‘BNMTF’ and B. nigra ‘Cully’ were taller and had greater trunk diameter than the other surviving birch genotypes at both locations after four growing seasons. At the end of 2005, B. utilis var. jacquemontii was the shortest and had the smallest trunk diameter among the 18 surviving genotypes at Fayetteville, and B. papyrifera ‘Uenci’, B. populifolia ‘Whitespire’, B. maximowicziana, and B. lenta were the shortest and had the smallest trunk diameter among the 13 surviving genotypes at Hope. At Fayetteville, B. nigra and B. davurica had the greatest annual change in tree height in both 2004 and 2005, and B. davurica was among genotypes having the greatest annual change in trunk diameter in 2002, 2004, and 2005. At Hope, B. papyrifera had the greatest annual change in tree height in both 2004 and 2005, and B. davurica had the greatest annual change in trunk diameter in 2004. In 2005, annual change was not significant among birch genotypes at Hope. At Fayetteville, water-stress treatment reduced final tree height and trunk diameter in birch trees.

scholarly journals Long-term trends in trunk diameter and tree height growth in planted forests in the humid tropics of West Java, Indonesia

Tropics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoshi HIRATSUKA ◽  
Takeshi TOMA ◽  
Nina MINDAWATI ◽  
Ika HERIANSYAH ◽  
Yasushi MORIKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Humid Tropics ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
West Java ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Tree Height Growth

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Planting Depth Impact Root Morphology in Containers

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael Orfanedes
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tree Quality

Increasingly, producers and consumers are realizing that roots play a major role in nursery tree quality. To remain competitive, producers need to find economically viable methods of increasing quality standards. Two studies were designed to test methods of improving root systems in a container root ball. In the first, three different root pruning methods and two planting depths were imposed as 3.7 liter (1 gal) container-grown Royal poinciana [Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf.] and trumpet-tree [Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton] were shifted to 25 liter (6.6 gal) containers. Root pruning and planting depth had no impact on trunk caliper or tree height. Vertical root ball slicing or shaving off the periphery of the root ball increased the number of straight roots inside root balls and reduced the presence of deflected roots, but shaving had a greater effect and was associated with consistently high-quality root systems. Trees planted with the top-most root 10 cm (4 in) below the 25 liter (6.6 gal) container substrate surface had more deflected roots and fewer straight roots than trees planted with roots close to the surface. In the second study, teasing or shaving live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘SNDL’) in 3.7 liter (1 gal) container root balls resulted in identical root systems in 57 liter (15 gal) containers one year later, and both treatments resulted in higher quality root systems than trees not root pruned.

scholarly journals Pruning Acer rubrum at Planting Impacts Structure and Growth After Three Growing Seasons

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Weak Structure ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Branches present in the tree crown at planting can become obstructions in urban landscapes, requiring large pruning cuts later and possibly creating weak structure by growing upright to comprise a large section of the crown. Pruning at planting, currently a discouraged practice, could shorten or remove selected branches and thus improve the structure of a newly planted tree. Acer rubrum L. trees planted into soil from 170 L containers were pruned at planting to subordinate the largest primary branches, or not. Pruning induced a 26% reduction in total cross-sectional area in the five largest primary branches. This sizable reduction in growth on pruned branches resulted in a significant reduction in aspect ratio of the largest (11%) and three largest (10%) branches. The negligible pruning wound from raising the crown on pruned trees would result in little trunk dysfunction when branches are later removed for clearance, and the debris would be minimal. Tree height growth after three growing seasons was unaffected by pruning; the 8% slower trunk diameter growth might be difficult to recognize in a landscape. Bending stress required to tilt trunks three growing seasons after planting was equivalent with or without pruning.

scholarly journals Effect of Container Type and Root Pruning on Growth and Anchorage After Planting Acer rubrum L. into Landscape Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Container Type

Acer rubrum L. ‘Florida Flame’ were grown in #3 containers of eight types, then shifted to #15 containers, then finally into #45 containers. Half the trees were root pruned by removing periphery 3 cm of root ball at each shift to larger containers. In addition to and simultaneous with being shifted into successively larger containers, some trees from each container size were planted directly into soil. Type of container and root pruning had no impact on trunk diameter, tree height, or root cross-sectional area on trees planted into soil from any container size. Type of container influenced architecture of planted root systems evaluated when all trees were five-years-old with limited impact on anchorage. Container type only impacted anchorage of trees planted from #45 containers, and impact was small. In contrast, shaving root balls during production substantially reduced imprint left by all containers evaluated when trees were five-years-old. Shaving during production also improved anchorage by 20%–25% compared to not root pruning. More roots grew on north than the south side of tree in the nursery and landscape. Bending stress increased with trunk angle and its square while winching trunks to five degrees tilt.

scholarly journals Growth and Transplantability of Magnolia grandiflora Following Root Pruning at Several Growth Stages

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Tree Leaf

Roots of field-grown southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.) were pruned once during dormancy, following the first shoot growth flush or after the second growth flush or twice at the following times: during dormancy and following first growth flush, during dormancy and following second growth flush, following first and second growth flush before transplanting in the winter. By the end of the growing season, root pruning at all stages of growth reduced leaf number, tree height, trunk caliper, and total tree leaf area and weight compared with unpruned controls. Total root weight was less for trees pruned during dormancy or following the first growth flush. Root pruning increased the proportion of fine roots (0- to 5-mm-diameter class) to coarse roots (> 5- to 10-mm-diameter class). Shoot: root dry weight ratios at transplanting were not affected by root pruning. Root-pruned trees grew at a faster rate following transplanting than unpruned trees. Despite these initial differences. trees in all treatments were the same size 1 year after transplanting.

scholarly journals A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. D. Wolf ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Epiphyte Communities ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Abstract:The sampling of epiphytes is fraught with methodological difficulties. We present a protocol to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte richness and abundance in forests of different structure (SVERA). Epiphyte abundance is estimated as biomass by recording the number of plant components in a range of size cohorts. Epiphyte species biomass is estimated on 35 sample-trees, evenly distributed over six trunk diameter-size cohorts (10 trees with dbh > 30 cm). Tree height, dbh and number of forks (diameter > 5 cm) yield a dimensionless estimate of the size of the tree. Epiphyte dry weight and species richness between forests is compared with ANCOVA that controls for tree size. SChao1 is used as an estimate of the total number of species at the sites. The relative dependence of the distribution of the epiphyte communities on environmental and spatial variables may be assessed using multivariate analysis and Mantel test. In a case study, we compared epiphyte vegetation of six Mexican oak forests and one Colombian oak forest at similar elevation. We found a strongly significant positive correlation between tree size and epiphyte richness or biomass at all sites. In forests with a higher diversity of host trees, more trees must be sampled. Epiphyte biomass at the Colombian site was lower than in any of the Mexican sites; without correction for tree size no significant differences in terms of epiphyte biomass could be detected. The occurrence of spatial dependence, at both the landscape level and at the tree level, shows that the inclusion of spatial descriptors in SVERA is justified.

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