Optimizing Reduction Pruning of Trees Under Electrical Lines: The Influence of Intensity and Season of Pruning on Epicormic Branch Growth and Wound Compartmentalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 432-449
Author(s):  
Guillaume Perrette ◽  
Sylvain Delagrange ◽  
Christian Messier
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Maintenance Cycle ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Electrical Distribution Network ◽  
Cutting Point ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Reduction pruning of the main stem is commonly used during the maintenance of power lines to encourage the establishment and development of scaffold limbs away from wires. Understanding the physiology of epicormic branch initiation and growth as well as wound compartmentalization following reduction pruning are important for optimizing the pruning cycle and maintaining healthy and safe trees. In this study, the influence of both intensity and time of year of pruning on epicormic branch response and wound compartmentalization was investigated on 56 11-year-old Pennsylvania ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) about 5 to 7 m in height within a controlled nursery environment. During the second growing season following reduction of the main stem, the number, height, and volume of epicormic branches, as well as tallest epicormic branches and the area of discolored wood, increased with pruning intensity. Pruning during the leaf-on season compared to the leaf-off season limited the establishment and development of epicormic branches without affecting wound-closure rate or the area of wood discoloration at the cutting point. Results are consistent with the known seasonal fluctuation of carbohydrates reserves. In the context of the electrical distribution network, where trees are subjected to pruning throughout the year, trees pruned in summer during a maintenance cycle could be pruned during the next cycle, in winter, and so on, to optimize the return interval of the pruning cycle.

scholarly journals Record of the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Ukraine is Confirmed

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drogvalenko ◽  
Orlova-Bienkowskaja ◽  
Bieńkowski
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Boring Insect ◽  
Wood Boring

Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a devastating invasive pest of ash trees. This wood-boring insect is native to Asia and established in European Russia about 20 years ago. It severely damages Fraxinus pennsylvanica plantations and quickly spreads. In 2019 we first detected A. planipennis in Ukraine. More than 20 larvae were collected from under the bark of F. pennsylvanica trees on 5 September 2019 in the Markivka District of the Luhansk Region. The coordinates of the localities of collection were 49.614991 N, 39.559743 E; 49.614160 N, 39.572402 E; and 49.597043 N, 39.561811 E. The photos of the damaged trees with larval galleries, exit holes and larvae are presented. It indicates that A. planipennis is established in the east of Ukraine. This fact is important for development of quarantine protocols to prevent or at least slow the further spread of this invasive pest in Europe.

Biology of Caloptilia fraxinella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on ornamental green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Oleaceae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Management Program ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
A Site ◽  
Caloptilia Fraxinella

AbstractThe ash leaf cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely), is a leaf-mining moth that has recently become a significant pest of horticultural ash, Fraxinus L., species in communities throughout the western prairie provinces of Canada. The study examines the spatial and temporal within-host distribution of immature stages of C. fraxinella on green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Female C. fraxinella showed a preference for oviposition sites in the lower canopy and on the south side of the tree at the beginning and middle of the 3-week oviposition period, respectively, but no preference at the end of the period. Oviposition was constrained temporally and occurred mainly just after green ash bud flush. Immature stages were sampled throughout the growing season, and measured widths of larval head capsules showed five instars. Fourth-instar larvae disperse from the mined leaflet to a new leaflet, roll it into a cone, and pupate. Neither canopy height nor ordinal direction affected the position of larvae in the canopy, but numbers of immature stages varied by tree within a site. Female and male moths eclose from rolled leaf cones synchronously throughout the emergence period. The study provides some of the basic biological information required to design an integrated pest management program to target this emerging pest of horticultural ash trees.

Seasonal and thermal effects on the emetic responses of ranid frogs

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 2009-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiharu Suzuki ◽  
Satoshi Miyoshi ◽  
Tomio Naitoh ◽  
Richard J. Wassersug
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Rana Nigromaculata ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the relationship between time of the year and sensitivity to emetics in the frogs Rana rugosa and Rana nigromaculata. In response to apomorphine hydrochloride at a dosage of 50 μg/g body mass (wet mass), both species vomited from the late autumn through the winter, when they naturally hibernate, but not during the spring or summer months, when they are normally active. Exposure to low temperature (7 °C) for 29 days made R. rugosa sensitive to apomorphine even in the summer. Exposure to high temperature (20.0–23.0 °C) for 7–10 days in the winter resulted in loss of the frogs' sensitivity to apomorphine. Based on these results, we conclude that seasonal fluctuation in sensitivity to apomorphine is caused by changes in temperature. Sensitivity to copper sulfate, administered orally at a dosage of 0.4 mg/g, also changed with the time of year. However, in contrast to emesis induced with apomorphine, there was an increase in the latency to emesis induced with copper sulfate in the winter compared with the summer for both species. Thus, the emetic responsiveness of ranid frogs depends on both seasonal changes in temperature and on the agent used to provoke emesis.

scholarly journals Cold Tolerance of Container-grown Green Ash Trees Is Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilizer Type and Rate

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn F. Scagel ◽  
Richard P. Regan ◽  
Rita Hummel ◽  
Guihong Bi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Current Season ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
C Metabolism

A study was conducted to determine whether nitrogen (N) application rate and fertilizer form are related to cold tolerance of buds and stems using container-grown ‘Summit’ green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees. Trees were grown with different rates of N from either urea formaldehyde (UF) or a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) containing ammonium nitrate during the 2006 growing season; and growth, N and carbon (C) composition, and cold tolerance were evaluated in Oct. 2006, Dec. 2006, and Feb. 2007 by assessing the lowest survival temperature (LST) of stem and bud tissues on current season (2006) stems. Both fertilizer type and rate influenced the bud and stem LSTs. The influence of fertilizer rate was most evident on midwinter (December) stem LSTs and the influence of fertilizer type was observed in bud and stem LSTs during the deacclimation period in February. Higher LSTs were associated with higher N concentrations and lower C/N ratios; however, stems and buds of trees fertilized with UF were more cold-tolerant (had lower LSTs) than stems and buds on trees fertilized with CRF. Fertilizer type resulted in several differences in N and C translocation and metabolism during the fall and winter. Our results indicate trees with a similar N status are able to withstand different levels of cold depending on the rate of N and the type or form of fertilizer used during production. This may have to do with differences in how trees metabolize the different fertilizer forms, where and when the N is stored, and how it is remobilized in the spring, especially in relation to C metabolism.

Closure rates of yellow birch pruning wounds

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S. Solomon ◽  
Barton M. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Closure Rate ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Epicormic Branches

In August 1963, 135 yellow birch trees (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.), averaging 5.08 cm in diameter at 1.37 m aboveground were pruned to two-thirds of their total height. Larger pruning wounds had a faster rate of closure but required more time to close than small wounds. The width and length of the pruning wound, as well as the diameter growth of the tree, were significantly related to closure rate. Although shade had no significant effect on closure rate, it reduced formation of epicormic branches.

Genetic structure of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica): implications for the establishment ofex situconservation protocols in light of the invasion of the emerald ash borer

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance E. Hausman ◽  
Michelle M. Bertke ◽  
John F. Jaeger ◽  
Oscar J. Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
The Usa

The USA is experiencing a prolific invasion of the wood-boring emerald ash borer,Agrilus planipennis. Native to Asia, this beetle completes its life cycle on ash trees and results in nearly complete mortality of all infested trees. In the present study, we examined the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation among eight populations ofFraxinus pennsylvanica(green ash) using five polymorphic microsatellite loci. Genetic information was used to design guidelines for the establishment of a seed collection sampling strategy to conserve the genetic diversity of ash trees. We found high levels of genetic diversity, as indicated by the allelic richness, both across the populations (16.4 ± 5.18 alleles per locus) and within them (8.03 ± 1.21 alleles per locus). The expected and observed heterozygosity was also high (0.805 ± 0.38 and 0.908 ± 0.04, respectively), and there was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations (FST= 0.083) with members of these eight populations grouped into three distinct clusters. We examined the relationship between the number of individuals sampled and the number of alleles captured in a random sample taken from a population of 10,000 individuals. Only sample sizes of 100 individuals captured most of the alleles (average = 78.74 alleles), but only seven of 50 samples effectively captured all the 82 alleles. Smaller samples did not capture all alleles. A probabilistic model was used to determine an optimal sampling strategy, and it was concluded that a collection of 200 seeds from each of five mother trees would have the highest likelihood of capturing all alleles in a population.

scholarly journals Effects of Cutting Time, Stump Height, and Herbicide Application on Ash (Fraxinus Spp.) Stump Sprouting and Colonization by Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby R. Petrice ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Fraxinus Nigra

Abstract Efforts to eradicate or slow the spread of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]) include cutting infested and nearby uninfested ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees. However, ash trees readily sprout after they have been cut, providing potential host material for EAB. In 2004–2005, we conducted studies to determine how different cutting times (midspring, late spring, and late summer), different cutting heights (0–5, 10–15, and 20–25 cm above the ground), and triclopyr (44% active ingredient) stump treatment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) trees affected subsequent stump sprouting and colonization by EAB. We also cut white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marsh.) trees 20–25 cm above the ground in late spring. Some stumps of each ash species tested sprouted and were colonized by EAB. All green ash stumps treated with triclopyr died and were not colonized by EAB. Stump sprouting was significantly lower for stumps cut in late spring compared with stumps cut in midspring or late summer. Stump sprouting did not vary significantly among cutting heights. None of the green ash stumps cut in midspring or cut 0–5 cm above the ground were colonized by EAB; however, the frequency of stump colonization by EAB did not vary significantly among cutting times or cutting heights.

scholarly journals Woolly Ash Aphid Prociphilus Fraxinifolii (Riley, 1879) (Hemiptera: Eriosomatidae), A New Invasive Alien Pest of Ash Trees (Fraxinus) in Russia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bieńkowski ◽  
Marina Orlova-Bienkowskaja
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
First Record ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Ash Dieback ◽  
Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Alien Pest

Woolly ash aphid or ash leaf curl aphid Prociphilus fraxinifolii (Riley, 1879) is an alien invasive pest of ash trees native to North America. After its first record in Europe in 2003 in Hungary it has spread to the Ukraine, Serbia, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, Poland and Germany. In 2016 P. fraxinifolii was firstly recorded at the southwestern border of Russia. Now Prociphilus fraxinifolii is firstly recorded in the center of European Russia, namely in Moscow Region, which is more than 700 km far from all other known localities of the species. In September 2017 five groups of ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) with colonies of Prociphilus fraxinifolii were found in Moscow Region. The example of Prociphilus fraxinifolii shows that alien pest insects can spread in Europe very quickly. Now Moscow region is the only regions of Europe, where the expanding range of Prociphilus fraxinifolii has overlapped with expanding ranges of other invasive alien species established in Europe in the last 20 years and severely damaging ash trees: ash dieback fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Baral et al., 2014 (Ascomycota) and emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

scholarly journals Record of the Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Ukraine is Confirmed

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Drogvalenko ◽  
Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja ◽  
Andrzej O. Bieńkowski
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Boring Insect ◽  
Wood Boring

Agrilus planipennis is a devastating invasive pest of ash trees. This wood-boring insect native to Asia and established in European Russia about 20 years ago poses a serious threat to ash trees all over Europe. In 2019 we first detected Agrilus planipennis in Ukraine. More than 20 larvae have been collected from under the bark of Fraxinus pennsylvanica trees on 5 September 2019 in Markivka District of Luhansk Region. Coordinates of the localities of collection: 49.614991 N, 39.559743 E; 49.614160 N, 39.572402 E and 49.597043 N, 39.561811 E. The photos of damaged trees with larval galleries, exit holes and larvae are presented. There is no doubt that the pest is established in Ukraine. This fact is important for development of quarantine protocols to prevent or at least slow the further spread of this invasive pest in Europe.

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