Evaluation of Anesthetic Specific EEG Dynamics during State Transitions between Loss and Return of Responsiveness

Purpose: electroencephalographic (EEG) information is used to monitor the level of cortical depression of a patient undergoing surgical intervention under general anesthesia. The dynamic state transitions into and out of anesthetic-induced loss and return of responsiveness (LOR, ROR) present a possibility to evaluate the dynamics of the EEG induced by different substances. We evaluated changes in the EEG power spectrum during anesthesia emergence for three different anesthetic regimens. We also assessed the possible impact of these changes on processed EEG parameters such as the permutation entropy (PeEn) and the cerebral state index (CSI). Methods: we analyzed the EEG from 45 patients, equally assigned to three groups. All patients were induced with propofol and the groups differed by the maintenance anesthetic regimen, i.e., sevoflurane, isoflurane, or propofol. We evaluated the EEG and parameter dynamics during LOR and ROR. For the emergence period, we focused on possible differences in the EEG dynamics in the different groups. Results: depending on the substance, the EEG emergence patterns showed significant differences that led to a substance-specific early activation of higher frequencies as indicated by the “wake” CSI values that occurred minutes before ROR in the inhalational anesthetic groups. Conclusion: our results highlight substance-specific differences in the emergence from anesthesia that can influence the EEG-based monitoring that probably have to be considered in order to improve neuromonitoring during general anesthesia.

Emergence Pattern and Periodicity of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Populations from Southcentral Great Plains

Evolution of multiple herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth warrants the development of integrated strategies for its control in the Southcentral Great Plains (SGP). In order to develop effective control strategies, an improved understanding of the emergence biology of Palmer amaranth populations from the SGP region is needed. A common garden study was conducted in a no-till (NT) fallow field at Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center near Hays, KS, during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, to determine the emergence pattern and periodicity of Palmer amaranth populations collected from the SGP region. Nine Palmer amaranth populations collected from five states in the SGP region: Colorado (CO1, CO2), Oklahoma (OK), Kansas (KS1, KS2), Texas (TX), and Nebraska (NE1, NE2, NE3) were included. During the 2018 growing season, the CO1 and KS1 populations displayed more rapid emergence rates, with greater parameter b values (−5.4, and −5.3, respectively), whereas the TX and NE3 populations had the highest emergence rates (b = −12.2) in the 2019 growing season. The cumulative growing degree days (cGDD) required to achieve 10%, 50%, and 90% cumulative emergence ranged from 125 to 144, 190 to 254, and 285 to 445 in 2018 and 54 to 74, 88 to 160, and 105 to 420 in the 2019 growing season across all tested populations, respectively. The OK population exhibited the longest emergence duration (301 and 359 cGDD) in both growing seasons. All tested Palmer amaranth populations had peak emergence period between May 11 and June 8 in 2018, and April 30 and June 1 in the 2019 growing season. Altogether, these results indicate the existence of differential emergence pattern and peak emergence periods of geographically-distant Palmer amaranth populations from the SGP region. This information will help in developing prediction models for decision-making tools to manage Palmer amaranth in the region.

Influence of Tillage on the Mollisols Physicochemical Properties, Seed Emergence and Yield of Maize in Northeast China

Tillage practices are critical for sustaining soil quality necessary for successful crop growth and productivity, but there are only few studies for strip tillage (ST) in the Mollisols region of Northeast China at present. A long-term (≥10-year) study was carried out to investigate the influence of within the tilled row (IR) and between rows (BR) in ST (10-year), conventional tillage (CT, 14-year) and no tillage (NT, 14-year) treatments on soil physicochemical properties. Soil samples were taken in May of 2019 at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths and used to analyze bulk density (BD), soil aggregate distribution and stability, and soil organic carbon (SOC). Meanwhile, our study also explored the differences in seed emergence, soil moisture, and temperature during the seed emergence period, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) among the different treatments. Similar soil properties were observed between ST-BR and NT, which showed they had a significantly greater BD, >0.25 mm water stable aggregate content (WR0.25) (especially in the amount of >2 mm and 1–2 mm size proportion), aggregate stability, and SOC than ST-IR and CT-IR at a depth of 0–20 cm. By improving soil conditions of seedbed, ST-IR and CT-IR increased soil temperature above NT by 1.64 °C and 1.80 °C, respectively, and ST-IR had a slight greater soil moisture than CT-IR in the top 10 cm layer during the seed emergence period. Late maize seed emergence was observed NT in than ST-IR and CT-IR and the average annual yields in ST were slightly greater than NT and CT, but the differences were not significant. Our results also showed that CT-BR had a poor soil structure and lower SOC than other treatments at 0–30 cm depth. We conclude from these long-term experimental results that ST could improve soil water-heat conditions to promote seed germination, maintain soil structure, and increase the maize yield and it should be applied in the Mollisols region of Northeast China.

Selectivity and stability of herbicides, herbicide tank mixtures and herbicide combinations on seed yield of Clearfield oilseed canola (Brassica napus L.)

During the period 2018-2020 a field experiment was carried out with the winter Clearfield oilseed canola hybrid Phoenix CL (Brassica napus L). Factor A included the years of investigation. Factor B included untreated control, 2 combined herbicides: Cleranda SC and Cleravo SC; 6 herbicide tank mixtures: Electron 500 SC + Maza 4 SL, Springbok + Maza 4 SL, Tanaris + Maza 4 SL, Butisan max + Maza 4 SL, Cliofar 600 SL + Maza 4 SL and Galera super + Maza 4 SL; 6 herbicide combinations: Caliph 480 ЕC + Maza 4 SL, Caliph mega + Maza 4 SL, Bismark CS + Maza 4 SL, Nero ЕC + Maza 4 SL, Brasan 540 EC + Maza 4 SL and Colsor trio ЕC + Maza 4 SL. Herbicides Cleranda, Cleravo and Maza were used in addition with adjuvant Dash HC. Foliar-applied herbicides were treated during 2-4 leaf canola stage. Soil-applied combined herbicides were treated during after sowing before emergence period of the canola. It was found that: (i) the highest seed yields are obtained by use of combined herbicide Cleranda, followed by herbicide tank mixture Electron + Maza and combined herbicide Cleravo; (ii) the high canola yields are also obtained by herbicide tank mixtures Butizan max + Maza, Springbok + Maza, Tanaris + Maza, as well as by herbicide combinations Caliph mega + Maza, Brasan + Maza, Bismarck + Maza; (iii) technologically the most valuable are combined herbicide Cleranda, followed by herbicide tank mixture Electron + Maza and combined herbicide Cleravo; (iv) in terms of technology for growing winter Clearfield oilseed canola, herbicide tank mixtures Springbok + Maza, Butisan max + Maza and Tanaris + Maza, as well as herbicide combinations Caliph mega + Maza, Bismar + Maza and, Nero + Maza get high rating; herbicide tank mixtures Cliofar + Maza and Galera super + Maza and herbicide combinations Caliph + Maza and Colsor trio + Maza get low rating.

Impact of seasonal adult emergence period on reproductive performance of tasar silkmoth Antherea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturnidae)

Influence of adult emergence period and prevailing weather parameters on reproductive biology of tasar silkmoth Antherea mylitta was studied under grainage (indoor) condition. There was a significant difference of fecundity was observed on different days of adult emergence. Maximum fecundity was observed on 10th day (219 eggs/female) during first grainage (diapause cocoons) while same has been observed on 13th day (224.30 eggs/female) of emergence during second grainage (nondiapause cocoons). With respect to hatching percentage, during first grainage maximum hatching was observed on 1st, 6th, 7th and 12th days of emergence (93.32, 90.14, 90.96 and 90.18 % respectively). In the case of second grainage maximum hatching was on 12th and 2nd day of emergence. Data on per cent egg retention during first grainage ranged between 6.46 to 29.25 % and it was between 6.49 to 14.39 % during second grainage. Retained eggs were unfertile and could observe less than 2 % of hatching across all the days of emergence in first and second grainage together. Despite of significant difference in the reproductive parameters it was not clear about which phase or days of seasonal emergence period yields better layings. Better reproductive performance was scattered randomly across the days of emergence and it also indicates that adult emergence period don’t have any influence over reproductive biology of A. mylitta. Prevailing temperature and relative humidity during emergence period found to have no major influence over fecundity, hatching percentage and egg retention.

Effectiveness of herbicides of JSC August company on potatoes

Проведена полевая оценка биологической и хозяйственной эффективности гербицида сплошного действия Торнадо 500, ВР и двух схем применения гербицидов из разных химических классов АО Фирма «Август» против наиболее распространенных видов сорной растительности. Исследования проводили в 2017–2019 годах на экспериментальной базе «Коренево» (Люберецкий район Московской области) на участке, предназначенном под посадку картофеля, и непосредственно на посадках сорта Колобок. Густота посадки – 44 тыс. клубней/га (75×30 см). Срок посадки – первая декада мая. Все учеты, определение эффективности, статистическую обработку проводили по общепринятым методикам. Учеты засоренности выполняли подсчетом сорняков на пробных площадках по 0,25 м2 в шахматном порядке в десяти местах. Учеты проводили через месяц, полтора месяца и перед уборкой урожая картофеля. Первая схема состояла из довсходовой обработки Гамбитом, СК, 3,5 л/га и послевсходовой – баковой смесью препаратов Эскудо, ВДГ, 0,025 кг/га, и Лазурит Супер, КНЭ, 0,4 л/га. Вторая схема: дробное внесение Лазурита, СП – в довсходовый период, 0,8 кг/га, и при достижении растениями картофеля высоты 5–10 см – 0,3 кг/га с добавлением Эскудо, ВДГ, 0,025 кг/га. Обе схемы применяли с добавлением адъюванта Аллюр, Ж, 0,2 л/га. При изучении видового состава сорняков выявлено, что наибольшую долю в общем их количестве занимают из малолетних: марь белая, аистник, трехреберник непахучий и из многолетних – осот полевой и пырей ползучий. Биологическая эффективность осенней обработки гербицидом Торнадо 500, ВР составила 92,1–97,3%. Биологическая эффективность первой схемы в среднем за два года достигала 75,6–98,3%, второй – 68,9–93,4%. Применение гербицидов АО Фирма «Август» на среднеспелом сорте Колобок в условиях различного обеспечения влагой вегетационных периодов 2017–2019 годов обеспечило прибавку валовой урожайности на 25,8 и 24,2% соответственно по сравнению с контролем (24,8 т/га). A field assessment of the biological and economic effectiveness of the continuous-action herbicide Tornado 500, BP and two schemes for the use of herbicides from different chemical classes of JSC August company against the most common types of weed vegetation was carried out. The research was carried out in 2017–2019 at the experimental base Korenevo (Lyuberetsky district of the Moscow region) on a plot intended for planting potatoes and directly on the plantings of the Kolobok variety. Planting density – 44 thousand tubers/ha (75×30 cm). The planting period is the first decade of May. All accounting, efficiency determination, and statistical processing were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The infestation counts were carried out by counting weeds on test sites of 0.25 m2 in a staggered order in ten places. The surveys were carried out after a month, a month and a half, and before the potato harvest. The first scheme consisted of pre-emergence treatment with Gambit, SC, 3,5 l/ha and post-emergence-tank mixture of Escudo, EDG, 0,025 kg/ha and Lazurit Super, KNE, 0,4 l/ha. The second scheme: fractional application of Lazurit, SP – in the pre-emergence period of 0,8 kg/ha and when the potato plants reach a height of 5–10 cm 0,3 kg/ha with the addition of Escudo, EDG, 0,025 kg/ha. Both schemes were used with the addition of the adjuvant Allure, W, 0,2 l/ha. When studying the species composition of weeds, it was revealed that the largest share in their total number is occupied by young ones: white marsh, erodium, scentless false mayweed and from perennial ones-field sedge and creeping wheatgrass. The biological efficiency of the autumn treatment with the herbicide Tornado 500, BP was 92,1–97,3%. The biological efficiency in the average two years of the first scheme was 75,6–98,3%, the second – 68,9–93,4%. The use of herbicides of JSC August company on the medium-ripe variety Kolobok in conditions of various moisture supply of the growing seasons of 2017–2019 provided an increase in the gross yield of 25,8 and 24,2%, respectively, compared to the control (24,8 t/ha).

Predicting Seedling Emergence of Three Canarygrass (Phalaris) Species under Semi-Arid Conditions Using Parametric and Non-Parametric Models

The Phalaris genus includes annual weed species such as short-spiked canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys Link.), little-seed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and hood canarygrass (Phalaris paradoxa L.), which are especially problematic in Spain; as such, there is a need to develop models to predict the timing of their emergence. Field experiments were conducted at two different locations during two (2006/07 and 2007/08) and three (from 2005/06 to 2007/08) growing seasons. In both locations, 500 seeds of each Phalaris species were sown each growing season, simulating rain-fed cereal field conditions. In addition, the models were validated with three, four and eight independent experiments for P. brachystachys, P. minor and P. paradoxa, respectively. The emergence period of the three Phalaris species lasted between 31 and 48 days after sowing (DAS), showing two main flushes. The three cardinal points for parametric and non-parametric models were established to be between −1 °C and 1 °C for base temperature, between 9.8 °C and 11.8 °C for optimal temperature and between 21.2 °C and 23.4 °C for ceiling temperature; base water potential was estimated to be between −1 and −1.1 MPa. Both parametric and non-parametric models obtained similar results and were successfully validated in 12 out of 15 independent experiments.

The Survival Rate and Starch Histochemical Assay of Various Stem Cutting Conditions of Mentega 2 Cassava Genotype at Initial Growth Stage

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the growth ability of cassava mini stem cuttings with different node number and a variety of stem cutting shapes and their correlation with starch content in the stems at initial growth stages. Methods. In this study, the viability of cassava stem cuttings was identified in two type experiments i.e. mini-stem cuttings consisting 1 and 2 nodes and shape variation of single node mini-stem cutting. Parameters observed were shoots emergence period, number of sprouting cuttings, shoots number of individual stem cuttings, shoots height and number of leaves. In addition, starch histochemical test was also carried out on stems of young shoots and initial stem cuttings using Lugol’s solution. Results. Both cassava stem cuttings consisting of 1 and 2 buds indicated the same survival rate of 100%. 1 bud stem cuttings with different shapes showed different survival rate, i.e. 60-80% for semicircular and fully circular cuttings and 30-40% for box shape cuttings. The difference in survival rate with different stem size is probably related to the availability of the amount of starch to support shoots growth. Observations at week 3 after planting generally showed that the stem cuttings with 2 buds were higher than those of stem with 1 bud. Conclusion: There were differences in the scores on the starch content test qualitatively with Lugol staining, in various parts of the plant originating from 1 bud and 2 bud cuttings which may indicate a breakdown of starch during shoot development.

Cost reduction and quality enhancement in passion fruit seedlings using alternative substrate

Obtaining vigorous, quality seedlings is a complex task because it involves multiple physical, chemical and biological factors, with the substrate being a fundamental of this process. Therefore, this study proposes to evaluate different formulations of substrate mixtures and identify which provides better emergence vigor and shoot and root growth in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design consisting of 23 substrates with different proportions of Vivatto® and Osmocote®, washed sand, soil, fine coal, coarse coal, enriched hydrogel and enriched vermiculite, with and without the addition of NPK, which were distributed into four replications of four plants per plot. To enrich the hydrogel and vermiculite, foliar fertilizer was used. Emergence vigor was evaluated throughout the seedling emergence period and seedling growth parameters were observed at 60 days after sowing. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis and the groups formed were subjected to analysis of variance. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), four groups were identified. The group composed only of soil + coarse coal and enriched hydrogel (2:2:1) was considered the best treatment, as it favored most of the vegetative growth and emergence vigor traits. Soil plus sand with the addition of NPK was not recommended to grow passion fruit seedlings in any of the proportions used, as there was no emergence.