Evidence for Stimulus Control-Based Factors of Tactile Defensiveness in an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4_Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 7411500073p1
Author(s):  
Kathryn Williams ◽  
John Sideris ◽  
Grace Baranek
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Dewa Ayu Diah Tri Paramita Putri Nida ◽  
Fenny Hartiani

Anak-anak dengan autisme mengalami defisit dalam kemampuan berkomunikasi dan interaksi sosial. Salah satu defisit yang terlihat dalam kontak sosial adalah kurangnya kontak mata, padahal kontak mata sangat penting bagi anak untuk mengembangkan keterampilan yang lebih kompleks, seperti kemampuan bahasa, keterampilan sosial serta memberikan pengaruh terhadap pendidikan dan pemahaman anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, perlu dilakukan pemberian intervensi yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kontak mata pada anak-anak ASD. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi efektifitas teknik modifikasi perilaku untuk memperbaiki perilaku kontak mata pada anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme (ASD). Penelitian ini menggunakan single case experimental A-B design. Partisipanadalah satu anak dengan diagnosis ASD berinisial S. Intervensi dilakukan sebanyak 16 sesi menggunakan teknik modifikasi perilaku seperti Prompting, transfer of stimulus control atau fading dan positive reinforcement. Analisis dilakukan dengan melihat perbandingan kemunculan perilaku kontak mata sebelum dan sesudah intervensi dilakukan.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa program modifikasi perilaku pada subjek telah mampu meningkatkan perilaku kontak mata pada anak dengan ASD. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik, instruksi yang diberikan harus konsisten, penerapan intervensi lebih disukai untuk tidak menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan bagi anak-anak dan penguatan yang harus melibatkan subjek untuk membuat kontak mata berlangsung lebih lama. 


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Rita Raudeliūnaitė ◽  
Eglė Steponėnienė

<p><em>Lithuanian educators are still not adequately well prepared to teach children with autism spectrum disorder (further in text ASD). There is a lack of research, the access to evidence-based methods is limited, and traditional educational methodological approaches are usually ineffective (Diržytė, Mikulėnaitė &amp; Kalvaitis, 2016; Buivydaitė, Newman &amp; Prasauskienė, 2017).</em></p><p><em>One of the earliest signs of ASD is failure to develop language and social communication (Mody &amp; Bellieveau, 2013; Arunachalam &amp; Luyster 2016; etc.). Meta-analyses conducted by foreign researchers show that B.F. Skinner’s (1957) verbal behaviour analysis is one of the evidence-based effective methods used for developing language in children with ASD (McPherson et al., 1984; Dymond et al. 2006; Sautter &amp; LeBlanc, 2006; Devine &amp; Petursdottir, 2017). A rapid increase in the prevalence of ASD brings the researchers’ attention to the possibilities of applying this method, however, there are still some areas in verbal behaviour approach remaining, which lack research. Scientific studies in these areas would likely open effective ways for developing language in children with ASD (Devine &amp; Petursdottir, 2017). The researchers (Buivydaitė, Newman &amp; Prasauskienė, 2017) have conducted a review of scientific articles on ASD in the Baltic states (including Lithuania), and the findings of it confirm the lack of such research. </em></p><p><em>In this study, a single-subject educational experiment was used, during which a joint stimulus control model was applied for developing language in children with ASD, with the main focus being on receptive language acquisition. The object of joint stimulus control is the development of a symmetrical (bi-directional) word-object relation and independent, verbally maintained generalisation with unlearned stimuli. The results of the experiment show that a joint stimulus control model can be applied as an effective mechanism to develop language in children with ASD. In the presence of non-verbal stimuli and rehearsing the names of the stimuli overtly or covertly, the joint stimulus control emerges and, in this way, the complex receptive language perception in children with ASD is developed within  the context of social interaction. </em><em></em></p><p><em>The participants of this experiment were able to emit correct responses with the novel sets of stimuli and were able to apply this mechanism without prompts not only in teaching sessions, but also in other social situations. </em><em></em></p><br /><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Lietuvos pedagogai vis dar nepasiruošę ugdyti autizmo spektro sutrikimų (toliau ASS) turinčius vaikus, trūksta tyrimų, moksliškai pagrįstų metodikų prieinamumas yra ribotas, o tradicinės metodinės prieigos dažnai būna neveiksmingos (Diržytė, Mikulėnaitė ir Kalvaitis, 2016; Buivydaitė, Newman ir Prasauskienė, 2017).</em></p><p><em>Vienas pagrindinių ASS požymių yra kalbos ir socialinės komunikacijos sutrikimas (Mody ir Bellieveau, 2013; Arunachalam ir Luyster 2016 ir kt.). Kaip rodo užsienio mokslininkų atliktos meta- analizės (McPherson et al., 1984; Dymond et a. 2006; Sautter ir LeBlanc, 2006; Devine ir Petursdottir, 2017), B.F. Skinerio verbalinio elgesio analizė (1957) yra viena iš empiriniais tyrimais pagrįstų veiksmingų ASS turinčių vaikų kalbos ugdymo metodikų. Didėjant ASS turinčių vaikų skaičiui, sparčiai auga mokslininkų susidomėjimas šios metodikos pritaikymo galimybėmis, tačiau vis dar lieka verbalinio elgesio analizės sričių, kurių ištirtumas atvertų efektyvius kelius į ASS turinčių vaikų kalbos ugdymą (Devine ir Petursdottir, 2017). Mokslininkų (Buivydaitė, Newman ir Prasauskienė, 2017) atlikta mokslinių straipsnių ASS tematika analizė Baltijos šalyse, tame tarpe ir Lietuvoje, patvirtina tyrimų stokos problemą. </em></p><p><em>Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas ugdomasis individualusis eksperimentas, kurio metu taikytas jungtinės stimulų kontrolės modelis ugdant ASS turinčių vaikų kalbą, pagrindinį dėmesį sutelkiant į kalbos suvokimo ugdymą. Jungtinės stimulų kontrolės </em><em>objektas yra simetrinio (abipusio) žodžio – objekto tarpusavio ryšio vystymas ir savarankiška, verbaliai palaikoma, generalizacija pritaikoma su nemokytais stimulais. </em><em>Eksperimentu nustatyta,  kad  jungtinės stimulų kontrolės modelis, gali būti efektyvus mechanizmas ugdant ASS </em><em>turinčių vaikų kalbinius gebėjimus. </em><em>Matant neverbalinių stimulų vaizdus ir kartojant jų pavadinimus balsu arba sau mintyse pasireiškia jungtinė stimulų kontrolė, ir tokiu būdu </em><em>ugdomas ASS vaikų kompleksinis receptyvusis suvokimas socialinio bendravimo kontekste.</em><em> Naudodamiesi šiuo įrankiu, eksperimento dalyviai  gebėjo teisingai atlikti užduotį su naujais stimulų rinkiniais ir </em><em>išmoko savarankiškai taikyti šio modelio mechanizmą ne tik mokymo(si), bet ir kitose socialinėse situacijose.</em></p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1783-1797
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Coburn ◽  
Diane L. Williams

Purpose Neurodevelopmental processes that begin during gestation and continue throughout childhood typically support language development. Understanding these processes can help us to understand the disruptions to language that occur in neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method For this tutorial, we conducted a focused literature review on typical postnatal brain development and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography studies of the neurodevelopmental differences that occur in ASD. We then integrated this knowledge with the literature on evidence-based speech-language intervention practices for autistic children. Results In ASD, structural differences include altered patterns of cortical growth and myelination. Functional differences occur at all brain levels, from lateralization of cortical functions to the rhythmic activations of single neurons. Neuronal oscillations, in particular, could help explain disrupted language development by elucidating the timing differences that contribute to altered functional connectivity, complex information processing, and speech parsing. Findings related to implicit statistical learning, explicit task learning, multisensory integration, and reinforcement in ASD are also discussed. Conclusions Consideration of the neural differences in autistic children provides additional scientific support for current recommended language intervention practices. Recommendations consistent with these neurological findings include the use of short, simple utterances; repetition of syntactic structures using varied vocabulary; pause time; visual supports; and individualized sensory modifications.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 890-902
Author(s):  
Lynn Kern Koegel ◽  
Katherine M. Bryan ◽  
Pumpki Lei Su ◽  
Mohini Vaidya ◽  
Stephen Camarata

Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to identify parent education procedures implemented in intervention studies focused on expressive verbal communication for nonverbal (NV) or minimally verbal (MV) children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parent education has been shown to be an essential component in the habilitation of individuals with ASD. Parents of individuals with ASD who are NV or MV may particularly benefit from parent education in order to provide opportunities for communication and to support their children across the life span. Method ProQuest databases were searched between the years of 1960 and 2018 to identify articles that targeted verbal communication in MV and NV individuals with ASD. A total of 1,231 were evaluated to assess whether parent education was implemented. We found 36 studies that included a parent education component. These were reviewed with regard to (a) the number of participants and participants' ages, (b) the parent education program provided, (c) the format of the parent education, (d) the duration of the parent education, (e) the measurement of parent education, and (f) the parent fidelity of implementation scores. Results The results of this analysis showed that very few studies have included a parent education component, descriptions of the parent education programs are unclear in most studies, and few studies have scored the parents' implementation of the intervention. Conclusions Currently, there is great variability in parent education programs in regard to participant age, hours provided, fidelity of implementation, format of parent education, and type of treatment used. Suggestions are made to provide both a more comprehensive description and consistent measurement of parent education programs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Gladfelter ◽  
Cassidy VanZuiden

Purpose Although repetitive speech is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the contributing factors that influence repetitive speech use remain unknown. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if the language context impacts the amount and type of repetitive speech produced by children with ASD. Method As part of a broader word-learning study, 11 school-age children with ASD participated in two different language contexts: storytelling and play. Previously collected language samples were transcribed and coded for four types of repetitive speech: immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, verbal stereotypy, and vocal stereotypy. The rates and proportions of repetitive speech were compared across the two language contexts using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. Individual characteristics were further explored using Spearman correlations. Results The children produced lower rates of repetitive speech during the storytelling context than the play-based context. Only immediate echolalia differed between the two contexts based on rate and approached significance based on proportion, with more immediate echolalia produced in the play-based context than in the storytelling context. There were no significant correlations between repetitive speech and measures of social responsiveness, expressive or receptive vocabulary, or nonverbal intelligence. Conclusions The children with ASD produced less immediate echolalia in the storytelling context than in the play-based context. Immediate echolalia use was not related to social skills, vocabulary, or nonverbal IQ scores. These findings offer valuable insights into better understanding repetitive speech use in children with ASD.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 586-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn A. Clarke ◽  
Diane L. Williams

Purpose The aim of this research study was to examine common practices of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with respect to whether or not SLPs consider processing differences in ASD or the effects of input during their instruction. Method Following a qualitative research method, how SLPs instruct and present augmentative and alternative communication systems to individuals with ASD, their rationale for method selection, and their perception of the efficacy of selected interventions were probed. Semistructured interviews were conducted as part of an in-depth case report with content analysis. Results Based on completed interviews, 4 primary themes were identified: (a) instructional method , (b) input provided , (c) decision-making process , and (d) perceived efficacy of treatment . Additionally, one secondary theme, training and education received , was identified . Conclusions Clinicians reported making decisions based on the needs of the child; however, they also reported making decisions based on the diagnostic category that characterized the child (i.e., ASD). The use of modeling when teaching augmentative and alternative communication to individuals with ASD emerged as a theme, but variations in the method of modeling were noted. SLPs did not report regularly considering processing differences in ASD, nor did they consider the effects of input during instruction.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
Kimberly F. Frazier ◽  
Jessica Collier ◽  
Rachel Glade

Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of combining self-management strategies and a social thinking approach to address the social performance and executive function of an adolescent female with autism spectrum disorder. Method This research examined the effects of a social knowledge training program, “Think Social,” as well as strategies to improve higher order cognitive abilities. Results and Conclusion Although quantitative improvement was not found, several qualitative gains in behavior were noted for the participants of this study, suggesting a benefit from using structured environmental cues of self-management strategies, as well as improved social understanding through social cognitive training.


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