Religion North and South : Christendom and the ALPS on the Eve of the Reformation

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Reformation ◽  
The Alps ◽  
North And South

Bridging North and South: Inquisitorial Networks and Witchcraft Theory on the Eve of the Reformation

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Herzig
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Italian Peninsula ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Alps ◽  
North And South

AbstractThis article reconstructs a network of Dominican inquisitors who facilitated the reception and adaptation of northern European demonological notions in the Italian peninsula. It focuses on the collaboration of Italian friars with Heinrich Kramer, the infamous Alsatian witch-hunter and author of the Malleus Maleficarum (1486). Drawing on newly-discovered archival sources as well as on published works from the early sixteenth century, it proposes that Italian inquisitors provided Kramer with information on local saintly figures and were, in turn, influenced by his views on witchcraft. Following their encounter with Kramer in 1499-1500, they came to regard witches as members of an organized diabolical sect, and were largely responsible for turning the Malleus into the focal point of the Italian debate over witch-hunting. I argue that Kramer's case attests to the important role of papal inquisitors before the Reformation in bridging the cultural and religious worlds south and north of the Alps.

Refugee Orthodox Congregations in Western Europe, 1945–1948

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-326
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The twentieth-century migration of Orthodox peoples from Eastern to Western Europe and to North and South America thrust the heirs of that ancient faith into the role of persisting minorities, and imposed upon them the necessity of rapid and complex adjustments to urban conditions of life. To be sure, territorial expansion, involving both the migration of the faithful and the conversion of the heathen, had been a central theme in Orthodox history for a thousand years or more. One fruit for the loyalty of bishops and congregations, a rivalry that magnified the tension between the desire of nascent nationalities for an “autocephalic” church (that is, one having its own head as well as the power of self-government) and the preference of the patriarchs for “autonomous” bodies dependent upon a supreme hierarch elsewhere. Another result was the Orthodox confrontation with Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Central Europe. Saxons who settled in the highlands of Transylvania in the thirteenth century became Lutherans at the time of the Reformation, and a majority of Hungarians occupying the broad plains lying east of Budapest became Calvinists. From the seventeenth century onward the Papacy accepted the submission of numerous Orthodox dioceses in Romania, Poland, Hungary, Croatia and the western parts of Russia, under agreements that allowed congregations to retain their Eastern ritual and dogma.

scholarly journals Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Barras ◽  
Olivia Martius ◽  
Luca Nisi ◽  
Katharina Schroeer ◽  
Alessandro Hering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Large Scale Flow ◽  
North And South

Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5-day windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5-day windows containing a single hail day. The reanalysis ERA-5 is used to study the large-scale flow in combination with objectively identified cold fronts, atmospheric blocking events, and a weather type classification. Both north and south of the Alps, isolated hail days have frequency maxima in May and August-September whereas clustered hail days occur mostly in July and August. Composites of atmospheric variables indicate a more stationary and meridionally amplified atmospheric flow both north and south of the Alps during multi-day hail clusters. On clustered hail days north of the Alps, blocks are more frequent over the North Sea, and surface fronts are located farther from Switzerland than on isolated hail days. Clustered hail days north of the Alps are also characterized by significantly higher convective available potential energy (CAPE) values, warmer daily maximum surface temperatures, and higher atmospheric moisture content than isolated hail days. Hence, both stationary flow conditions and anomalous amounts of moisture are necessary for multi-day hail clusters on the north side. In contrast, differences in CAPE on the south side between clustered hail days and isolated hail days are small. The mean sea level pressure south of the Alps is significantly deeper, the maximum temperature is colder, and local moisture is significantly lower on isolated hail days. Both north and south of the Alps, the upper-level atmospheric flow over the eastern Atlantic is meridionally more amplified three days prior to clustered hail days than prior to isolated days. Moreover, Moreover blocking occurs prior to more than 10 % of clustered hail days over Scandinavia, but no blocks occur prior to isolated hail days. Half of the clustered hail days south of the Alps are also clustered north of the Alps. On hail days clustering only south of the Alps, fronts are more frequently located on the Alpine ridge, and local low- level winds are stronger. The temporal clustering of hail days is coupled to specific synoptic- and local- scale flow conditions, this information may be exploited for short to medium-range forecasts of hail in Switzerland.

scholarly journals Hidden on both sides of the Alps: Rubus noricus, a new species of bramble (Rosaceae) from Austria and Germany

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 489 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
MICHAEL HOHLA ◽  
KONRAD PAGITZ ◽  
GERGELY KIRÁLY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Eastern Alps ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Distribution And Ecology ◽  
North And South ◽  
North Western ◽  
A New Species

Rubus ser. Rhamnifolii includes apomictic polyploid species, which occur in north-western and central Europe, with rare outposts to eastern central Europe. A regionally distributed tetraploid species of the series occurring north and south of the Eastern Alps in Austria and Germany, Rubus noricus is described here. The new species is morphologically compared with similar taxa of the series, moreover, comprehensive iconography, data on distribution and ecology are presented.

The Reformation of the Heretics: The Waldenses of the Alps, 1480-1580. Euan Cameron

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Julius Kirshner
Keyword(s):  
The Reformation ◽  
The Alps

Climatic change and contemporaneous land-use phases north and south of the Alps 2300 BC to 800 AD

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 1447-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willy Tinner ◽  
André F. Lotter ◽  
Brigitta Ammann ◽  
Marco Conedera ◽  
Priska Hubschmid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
The Alps ◽  
North And South

Borduurwerkers aan het werk voor de Utrechtse kapittel- en parochiekerken 1500-1580

1991 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Saskia De Bodt
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
The North ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
School Influence ◽  
North And South

AbstractThe article starts by taking stock of research into North and South Netherlandish professional embroidery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Such embroidery, which was rarely or never signed, and much of which has been lost, has hitherto been studied largely on stylistic grounds and grouped around noted schools of painting. Classifications include 'circle of Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen', for instance, or 'Leiden school/influence of Lucas van Leyden'. The author advocates a more relative approach to such classification into schools. She suggests that only systematic archive research in each location can shed new light on the production of embroidery studios and that well-founded attributions hinge solely on such research. The embroidery produced in Utrecht between 1500 and 1580 is cited as an example. The invoices of Utrecht parish and collegiate churches from circa 1500 to the Reformation record not onlv commissions to painters, goldsmiths and sculptors but also many items referring to textiles, notably embroidery. Together they provide a clear and relatively complete picture of the activities of sixteenth-century Utrecht embroiderers, whose principal customers were the churches. The items in question moreover exemplify the craft of the North Netherlandish embroiderer in that period in general in terms of what was produced as well as of the method and position of these artistic craftsmen, who were less overshadowed by painters than is generally assumed. A brief introduction outlining the organization of professional Utrecht embroiderers, who became independent of the tailors' guild in 1610 and acquired their own warrant, is followed by the analysis of an order from the Buurkerk in Utrecht for crimson paraments in 1530: three copes, a chasuble and two dalmatics. The activities of all those involved in their production are recorded : the merchants who supplied the fabric, the tracers of the embroidery patterns, the embroiderer, the cutter, various silver-smiths and the maker of the chest in which the set of garments was kept. The embroiderer was the best-paid of all these specialists. It is interesting to note that some Utrecht guild-members worked free of charge on these paraments, and that the collection at the first mass at which they were worn was very generous. There were probably political reasons for this: some of the donators, Evert Zoudenbalch and Goerd van Voirde, had been mayors at the time of the guild rebellion in Utrecht, and the Buurkerk was the parish church where the guild altars stood. After this detailed example the author discusses Utrecht embroiderers known by name and their studios,comparing them with a list of major commissions carried out for churches in Utrecht (appendix I). It transpires that in each case one studio received the most important Utrecht orders. This is followed by the reconstruction of three leading figures' careers. First Jacob van Malborch, active till 1525; a contract (1510) with the Pieterskerk in Utrecht regarding blue velvet copes is cited (appendix 11). He is followed by the embroiderers Reyer Jacobs and Sebastiaen dc Laet. Among his other activities, the latter was responsible for repairing and altering the famous garments of Bishop David of Burgundy. Items on invoices arc then cited as evidence that the sleeves of two dalmatics now in the Catharijneconvent Museum, embroidered on both sides with aurifriezes donated by Bishop David, were made by Jacob van Malborch in 1504/1505. This shows that systematic scrutiny of invoices and the results of archive research concentrated on individual embroiderers in a single city, compared with preserved items of embroidery, yield information that can lead to exact attributions to an artist or a studio (figs.4a to c and 5a to c). The Catharijneconvent Museum also possesses a series of figures of saints embroidered by the same hand (fig. 14). Finally, the author points out that a group of embroidered work (previously mentioned by H. L. M. Defoer in the catalogue Schilderen met gouddraad en zyde (1987)) which historical data suggest was done in Utrecht and which was produced in the same period, are almost certain to have come from Jacob van Malborch's studio, despite the lack of archival evidence (figs. 6 to 13).

scholarly journals The history, theory and methodology of regional archaeological projects

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139
Author(s):  
Peter van Dommelen ◽  
Mieke Prent
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Regional Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
North And South

The papers collected in this special section of Archaeological Dialogues were first presented at the fifth Symposium on Archaeology and Theory, held in Leiden on January 17th to 19th 1996 under the general heading of The history, theory and methodology of regional archaeological projects. The choice of regional research as the main theme provided the opportunity to discuss current theoretical perspectives on the basis of specific case studies, thus reflecting the concern of Archaeological Dialogues to balance theoretical and practical aspects of archaeology. Through the invitation of archaeologists from various backgrounds and countries across Europe, the diversity of research traditions was not only acknowledged but debate between them was also stimulated. Regional research projects had been chosen because they usually last for a considerable period of time, in the course of which theoretical insights, methodological premises and available techniques are likely to change. In this way, regional projects have repeatedly been suggested to represent a critical element in Dutch archaeology, setting off ‘the Dutch experience’ from developments in both Anglo-American and continental European archaeology (cf. Slofstra 1994; Hodder 1994). The past decades have moreover been especially prolific in generating new theoretical perspectives which may now often coexist with older ones. One of the key issues addressed at the symposium therefore concerned the interaction between changing theoretical and methodological perspectives and the practice of fieldwork. The effects of these relationships were critically assessed by several speakers in the context of a specific regional archaeological project, while others reviewed long-term developments of regional archaeological projects both North and South of the Alps.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon analysis of elemental and organic carbon in Switzerland during winter-smog episodes from 2008 to 2012 – Part 1: Source apportionment and spatial variability

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 15591-15643 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Zotter ◽  
V. G. Ciobanu ◽  
Y. L. Zhang ◽  
I. El-Haddad ◽  
M. Macchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Air Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Alps ◽  
North And South

Abstract. While several studies have investigated winter-time air pollution with a wide range of concentration levels, hardly any results are available for longer time periods covering several winter-smog episodes at various locations; e.g. often only a few weeks from a single winter are investigated. Here, we present source apportionment results of winter-smog episodes from 16 air pollution monitoring stations across Switzerland from five consecutive winters. Radiocarbon (14C) analyses of the elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon fractions, as well as levoglucosan, major water-soluble ionic species and gas-phase pollutant measurements were used to characterize the different sources of PM10. The most important contributions to PM10 during winter-smog episodes in Switzerland were on average the secondary inorganic constituents (sum of nitrate, sulfate and ammonium = 41 ± 15%) followed by organic matter OM (30 ± 12%) and EC (5 ± 2%). The non-fossil fractions of OC (fNF,OC) ranged on average from 69–85% and 80–95 % for stations north and south of the Alps, respectively, showing that traffic contributes on average only up to ~30% to OC. The non-fossil fraction of EC (fNF,EC), entirely attributable to primary biomass burning, was on average 42 ± 13% and 49 ± 15% for north and south of the Alps, respectively. While a high correlation was observed between fossil EC and nitrogen oxides, both primarily emitted by traffic, these species did not significantly correlate with fossil OC (OCF), which seems to suggest that a considerable amount of OCF is secondary, formed from fossil precursors. Elevated fNF,EC and fNF,OC values and the high correlation of the latter with other wood burning markers, including levoglucosan and water soluble potassium (K+) indicate that biomass burning is the major source of carbonaceous aerosols during winter-smog episodes in Switzerland. The inspection of the non-fossil OC and EC levels and the relation with levoglucosan and water-soluble K+ shows different ratios for stations north and south of the Alps, most likely because of differences in burning technologies, for these two regions in Switzerland.

scholarly journals Multi-day hail clusters and isolated hail days in Switzerland – large-scale flow conditions and precursors

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1185
Author(s):  
Hélène Barras ◽  
Olivia Martius ◽  
Luca Nisi ◽  
Katharina Schroeer ◽  
Alessandro Hering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Large Scale Flow ◽  
North And South

Abstract. In Switzerland, hail regularly occurs in multi-day hail clusters. The atmospheric conditions prior to and during multi-day hail clusters are described and contrasted to the conditions prior to and during isolated hail days. The analysis focuses on hail days that occurred between April and September 2002–2019 within 140 km of the Swiss radar network. Hail days north and south of the Alps are defined using a minimum area threshold of a radar-based hail product. Multi-day clusters are defined as 5 d windows containing 4 or 5 hail days and isolated hail days as 5 d windows containing a single hail day. The reanalysis ERA-5 is used to study the large-scale flow in combination with objectively identified cold fronts, atmospheric blocking events, and a weather type classification. Both north and south of the Alps, isolated hail days have frequency maxima in May and August–September, whereas clustered hail days occur mostly in July and August. Composites of atmospheric variables indicate a more stationary and meridionally amplified atmospheric flow both north and south of the Alps during multi-day hail clusters. On clustered hail days north of the Alps, blocks are more frequent over the North Sea, and surface fronts are located farther from Switzerland than on isolated hail days. Clustered hail days north of the Alps are also characterized by significantly higher most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE) values, warmer daily maximum surface temperatures, and higher atmospheric moisture content than isolated hail days. Hence, both stationary flow conditions and anomalous amounts of moisture are necessary for multi-day hail clusters on the north side. In contrast, differences in MUCAPE on the south side between clustered hail days and isolated hail days are small. The mean sea level pressure south of the Alps is significantly deeper, the maximum temperature is colder, and local moisture is significantly lower on isolated hail days. Both north and south of the Alps, the upper-level atmospheric flow over the eastern Atlantic is meridionally more amplified 3 d prior to clustered hail days than prior to isolated days. Moreover, blocking occurs prior to more than 10 % of clustered hail days over Scandinavia, but no blocks occur prior to isolated hail days. Half of the clustered hail days south of the Alps are also clustered north of the Alps. On hail days clustering only south of the Alps, fronts are more frequently located on the Alpine ridge, and local low-level winds are stronger. The temporal clustering of hail days is coupled to specific synoptic- and local-scale flow conditions; this information may be exploited for short- to medium-range forecasts of hail in Switzerland.

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