Post-traumatic stress symptoms following sniper attacks: Effects of television viewing and identification with victims

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly B. Herberman Mash, PhD ◽  
Carol S. Fullerton, PhD ◽  
Robert J. Ursano, MD
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Peritraumatic Dissociation ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic

Objective: A series of sniper attacks in the Washington, DC, area left 10 people dead and three wounded. The authors examined the relationship of sniper-related television (TV) viewing, identification with victims, and peritraumatic dissociation to posttraumatic stress symptoms.Methods: Participants were 1,238 DC residents (ages 18-90, M = 41.7; 51 percent female; 68 percent White) who completed an online survey including items assessing identification, amount of TV, peritraumatic dissociation, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Identification was measured by assessing to what extent participants identified victims as similar to themselves, a friend, or a family member. Peritraumatic dissociation and post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed with the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Relationships of TV viewing, identification, and peritraumatic dissociation to post-traumatic stress symptoms were examined by univariable and multivariable regressions and variable interactions.Results: Female gender and higher levels of TV viewing, identification, and peritraumatic dissociation were each related to greater post-traumatic stress symptoms. After adjusting for gender and the predictor variables, higher TV viewing was associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (B = 0.72, p 0.01, ΔR2 = 0.05). Participants with greater identification (B = 0.85, p 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.08) and peritraumatic dissociation (B = 1.58, p 0.001, ΔR2 = 0.39) reported more post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among those with both high (B = 1.19, p 0.001) and low TV viewing, identification was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among those reporting low TV viewing, this association was greater for those who experienced more peritraumatic dissociation (B = −0.09, p 0.001).Conclusions: Trauma-related TV viewing, which may stimulate identification and peritraumatic dissociation, is an important consideration in understanding development of post-traumatic stress symptoms.

scholarly journals Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adults and Their Children in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Davico ◽  
Ada Ghiggia ◽  
Daniele Marcotulli ◽  
Federica Ricci ◽  
Federico Amianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has abruptly changed the life of millions as travel and social contacts have been severely restricted. We assessed the psychological impact of COVID-19 on adults and children, with special attention to health care workers (HCWs).Methods: A self-rated online survey, including the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for adults and the Children Revised Impact of Event Scale-Revised-13 items (CRIES-13) for their 8–18-year-old offspring, was conducted in Italy on March 20–26, 2020. Linear mixed-effects models were applied to the data, accounting for age, sex, education, and other demographic characteristics.Results: Data were available from 2,419 adults (78.4% females, mean age 38.1 ± SD 13.1 years; 15.7% HCW) and 786 children (50.1% male, mean age 12.3 ± 3.2 years). Median (IQR) IES-R score was 30.0 (21.0–40.0), corresponding to mild psychological impact, with 33.2% reporting severe psychological impact. IES-R was lower in HCWs (29.0) than non-HCWs (31.0), but HCWs directly involved in COVID-19 care had higher scores [33.0 (26.0–43.2)] than uninvolved HCWs [28.0 (19.0–36.0)]. Median CRIES-13 score was [21.0 (11.0–32.0)], with 30.9% of the children at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Parent and child scores were correlated.Conclusions: Up to 30% of adult and children in the pandemic area are at high risk for post-traumatic stress disturbances. The risk is greater for HCWs directly involved in COVID-19 care and for their children.

Daily Stress and Concept of Self in Swedish Ambulance Personnel

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Jonsson ◽  
Kerstin Segesten
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Ambulance Personnel ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction:This study investigated the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among professional ambulance personnel in Sweden and investigated the question: “Does self-knowledge have influence on how well one copes with the effects of daily work exposure from such events?” Little is known about the variables that might be associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms in highrisk occupational groups such as ambulance service groups.Methods:Data were gathered from ambulance personnel by means of an anonymous questionnaire. Survey responses of 362 ambulance personnel from the county of Västra Götaland were analyzed. A correlation was established between post-traumatic symptoms using the impact of event scale (IES-15) and the Professional Self-Description Form (PSDF).Results:Of those who reported a traumatic situation, 21.5% scored ≥ 26 on the IES-15 subscale. Scores >26 indicate “PTSD caseness”. There were significant differences on PSDF subscales between those presenting with or without posttraumatic symptoms.Conclusions:The mental health and emotional well-being of ambulance personnel appear to be compromised by accident and emergency work. The high prevalence of PTSD symptoms in ambulance personnel indicates an inability to cope with post-traumatic stress caused by daily work experiences.

Effects of Support Groups on Post Traumatic Stress Responses in Women Experiencing Stillbirth

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Cacciatore
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

This research study explores the effects of support groups on traumatic stress responses of women experiencing stillbirth. Women ( N = 47) responded to a mixed method questionnaire. Quantitative results utilizing the Impact of Event Scale Revised demonstrate that women who attend support group, when controlling for time, had fewer post traumatic stress symptoms than did the women who did not attend support group. Qualitative results elucidate the role of support groups in managing grief, suggesting that connectivity with other like women may be a useful strategy in reducing problematic psychological outcomes.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescents Exposed to the Earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia: Prevalence and Association With Maladaptive Trauma-Related Cognition and Resilience

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzaily Wahab ◽  
Li Ling Yong ◽  
Wei Keong Chieng ◽  
Myristica Yamil ◽  
Noor Azah Sawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background: Natural disasters may physically and psychologically affect individuals and their surrounding community. This study determines the prevalence of post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms and its association with maladaptive trauma-related cognition and resilience among adolescents post-earthquake.Materials and Methods: Data were collected, in this cross-sectional study, during an intervention program post-earthquake held in a state high school located at Lombok, Indonesia. The study sample engaged students 14–19 years of age using the purposive sampling method. The questionnaires used to measure PTS symptoms, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience were Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13 (CRIES-13), Child Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI), and Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R), respectively.Results: The prevalence of PTS symptoms was 69.9%. Among the respondents, 61.37% were female and 56.48% had mothers with lower educational levels. Using multiple linear regression, the final predictors of PTS symptoms were excessive reactions (e.g., wailing loudly, miserable shrieking) of proxy during earthquake (β = 3.283, p = 0.005), maladaptive trauma-related cognition (β = 0.224, p = 0.002), and resilience (β = 0.192, p < 0.001) with female gender (β = 7.350, p < 0.001) as a control variable. Through simple linear regression, victims who witnessed injury or death during the earthquake (p = 0.003), had a proxy died during the earthquake (p = 0.01), and trapped victims or those who had difficulty escaping (p = 0.01) were identified to potentially predict the occurrence of PTS symptoms, warranting further study.Conclusion: The presence of excessive proxy reactions during the earthquake, maladaptive trauma-related cognition, and resilience in adolescents exposed to a natural disaster are worth targeting and prioritizing in future post-disaster interventions.

scholarly journals Coping Styles Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms Following Childbirth in Croatian Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Nakić Radoš ◽  
Erin Burn ◽  
Susan Ayers ◽  
Alexandra Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Brief Cope ◽  
Post Traumatic

Porođaj je normativni čin u životu žene i uglavnom se smatra pozitivnim događajem. Međutim, svaka treća žena doživi porođaj kao tjelesnu prijetnju za sebe i/ili za svoje novorođenče te 3 % žena nakon porođaja razvije posttraumatski stresni poremećaj (PTSP). Dosadašnja istraživanja upućuju na to da su slabe strategije suočavanja povezane s PTSP-om nakon porođaja, međutim, ta su se istraživanja uglavnom koristila jednodimenzionalnim mjerama strategija suočavanja. Drugim riječima, tek valja ispitati koje specifične dimenzije suočavanja pridonose PTSP-u nakon porođaja. Ciljevi su ovog istraživanja ispitati simptome PTSP-a nakon porođaja te kako su različiti stilovi suočavanja povezani sa simptomima PTSP-a i depresije kod žena u Hrvatskoj. Žene (N = 160) koje su rodile unatrag dvije godine ispunile su online upitnik koji mjeri simptome PTSP-a (Impact of Event Scale – IES), poslijeporođajnu depresiju (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale – EPDS) te stilove suočavanja (Brief Cope). U ovom je uzorku 1.9 % ispitanica izvijestilo o ozbiljnim simptomima PTSP-a nakon porođaja, a 21.9 % ih je izvijestilo o depresivnim simptomima. Većina je žena (66.7 %) sa simptomima PTSP-a izvijestila i o depresivnim simptomima. S druge strane, 28.6 % žena s depresivnim simptomima također je izvijestilo i o simptomima PTSP-a, što upućuje na viši komorbiditet PTSP-a i depresije nego obrnuto. Od izbjegavajućih su stilova suočavanja poricanje i samookrivljavanje pozitivno korelirali sa simptomima PTSP-a i depresije, dok je odustajanje pozitivno koreliralo samo sa simptomima PTSP-a, a odvraćanje pažnje sa simptomima depresije. Također, niže razine planiranja i više razine emocionalne podrške bile su povezane s višom razinom depresivnosti. Međutim, nakon kontroliranja poslijeporođajnih psihopatoloških simptoma stilovi suočavanja nisu bili značajni prediktori simptoma PTPS-a, ali je samookrivljavanje bilo značajni prediktor depresivnih simptoma. Žene u Hrvatskoj izvještavaju o psihopatološkim simptomima nakon porođaja te su oni povezani sa stilovima suočavanja. Izbjegavajući stil suočavanja, samookrivljavanje, posebno je povezan s depresivnim simptomima. Buduća bi istraživanja trebala ispitati prediktore PTSP-a kod hrvatskih žena u reprezentativnijim uzorcima u trudnoći te s praćenjem nakon porođaja. Također, probir za poslijeporođajne psihopatološke simptome trebao bi se provoditi i za simptome depresije i za simptome PTSP-a.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Urdu version of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
M. S. Tareen ◽  
C. McDowell ◽  
K. Naqvi ◽  
A. Bashir ◽  
P. Keenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Trauma Research ◽  
Psychometric Tool ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Impact

In the aftermath of the major earthquake that hit Pakistan in 2005, there appeared to be a paucity of psychometric tools validated in Urdu. It was decided to translate the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) so as to obtain an internationally validated and recognised psychometric tool for use in research into post-traumatic stress disorder. The resulting Urdu and English versions of the IES-R were compared for linguistic, conceptual and scale equivalence. The Urdu version of the IES-R (UIES-R) can be used for clinical, psychological trauma populations in Pakistan with evidence of good reliability and satisfactory validity. In trauma research in Pakistan the UIES-R will be an extremely useful psychometric tool.

scholarly journals Post-traumatic stress, depression, and community integration a long time after whiplash injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt-Marie Stålnacke
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Whiplash Injury ◽  
Community Integration ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Post Traumatic

Psychological factors such as post-traumatic stress and depression may play an important role in the recovery after whiplash injuries. Difficulties in psychosocial functioning with limitations in everyday life may dominate for some time after the injury. Our study therefore investigates the relationships between pain, post-traumatic stress, depression, and community integration. A set of questionnaires was answered by 191 persons (88 men, 103 women) five years after a whiplash injury to assess pain intensity (visual analogue scale, VAS), whiplash-related symptoms, post-traumatic stress (impact of event scale, IES), depression (Beck depression inventory, BDIII), community integration (community integration questionnaire, CIQ), life satisfaction (LiSat-11). One or more depressive symptoms were reported by 74% of persons; 22% reported scores that were classified as mild to severe depression. The presence of at least one post-traumatic symptom was reported by 70% of persons, and 38% reported mild to severe stress. Total scores of community integration for women were statistically significantly higher than for men. The total VAS score was correlated positively to the IES (r=0.456, P<0.456), the BDI (r=0.646, P<0.001), and negatively to the CIQ (r=-0.300, P<0.001). These results highlight the view that a significant proportion of people experience both pain and psychological difficulties for a long time after a whiplash injury. These findings should be taken into consideration in the management of subjects with chronic whiplash symptoms and may support a multi-professional rehabilitation model that integrates physical, psychological, and psychosocial factors.

scholarly journals Post-Traumatic Stress Dissorder Of Kelud Mountain’s Survivor Based On Impact Of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) In Kali Bladak Nglegok District Blitar Regency

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 046-052
Author(s):  
Agus Khoirul Anam ◽  
Wiwin Martiningsih ◽  
Ilus Ilus
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Impact Of Event Scale ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Health Institutions

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an individual response to event or a condition thatcan appear many symptom such as, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal. Survivors pschycologicalyoften suffering PTSD, if this disorders wasn’t detected and ignored without handling by experts, thecasualties were often psychologically stressfull pasca trauma. If this condition was undetected and beignored, it would cause medical and pshycological complication, so that PTSD will disturb socialaspect of the patients. The aim of this study was to describe Post-Ttraumatic Stress Disorder in KeludMountain’s suvivor based on Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R) in Kali Bladak Nglegok districtBlitar regency. This research used descriptive design . The number of samples was 42 people whosuffered Kelud Mountain’s eruption. The result showed that respondents who suffers PTSD was 66,6%which with less until a lot of symptoms and most of the society experienced Kelud’s mountain eruption.The writer suggested that health institutions of Blitar regency could decrease Post Traumatic StressDisorders symptom from a Kelud’s survivor who had many symptoms become no symptoms trough debriefingteraphy in Kali Bladak Village Nglegok District Blitar Regency.

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