1E2-2　The influence of hedonics with odor stimulus on sweat responses

Although much work has investigated the contribution of brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex to the processing of fear learning and memory, fewer studies have examined the role of sensory systems, in particular the olfactory system, in the detection and perception of cues involved in learning and memory. The primary sensory receptive field maps of the olfactory system are exquisitely organized and respond dynamically to cues in the environment, remaining plastic from development through adulthood. We have previously demonstrated that olfactory fear conditioning leads to increased odorant-specific receptor representation in the main olfactory epithelium and in glomeruli within the olfactory bulb. We now demonstrate that olfactory extinction training specific to the conditioned odor stimulus reverses the conditioning-associated freezing behavior and odor learning-induced structural changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in an odorant ligand-specific manner. These data suggest that learning-induced freezing behavior, structural alterations, and enhanced neural sensory representation can be reversed in adult mice following extinction training.

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CONDITIONS OF ODOR THRESHOLD DETERMINATION 2.1 Requirements for the test area Olfactonetric measurement should be undertaken in a roan or area which is kept free frcm odors. There should be an atmosphere of ccmfort and relaxation in the test chamber, which will encourage panel members to concentrate on the testing task and not to be distracted by external sti muli. The test should be carried out at roan temperature and normal humi dity. 2.2 General conditions for test procedure Odor measurements must be carried out with the help of a team leader, who instructs the panelists and operates the measuring equipment. Ccmnu-nication between the team leader and the panel has to be kept to an abso lute minimum. Because of fatigue, the duration of a test series as well as the time of the whole session should be limited. Breaks of at least the same duration as the proceeding test period should be provided. Germany France Nether United lands Kingdcm Panel leader yes yes yes yes duration of 15-30 min 20 min 15 min test series duration of breaks 15-30 min 20 min ? 5 min 30 min 2 test 2 hours time of a test 300 tests/ series of period day 20 tests Table 1: General conditions 3. DETECTION METHODS 3.1 Presentation of odor stimulus 3.1.1 Method of limits The most used method for establishing an absolute threshold in en vironmental studies is the Method of Limits. In its classical form, the stimuli are presented in alternating ascending and descending series, starting at different points to avoid having the subject fall into a rou tine. During this procedure there is a chance that adaptation phenomena may develop. An effort to minimize these effects is for example to use only an ascending series of stimuli. The threshold value for each sepa rate test series is defined as a point in-between the last undetected and the first detected point in the stimulus continuum. A modification of the method of limits is the "up and down" method. A stimulus is presented: if the response is positive, the next lower sti mulus is presented, if it is negative, the next higher is presented and so on. The primary advantage is, that it automatically concentrates near the mean and a considerable number of observations can be saved.

Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming ◽

10.1201/9781482286311-24 ◽

1986 ◽

pp. 70-70

Keyword(s):

Test Procedure ◽

Test Chamber ◽

Absolute Threshold ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Team Leader ◽

Test Series ◽

Detection Methods ◽

Odor Stimulus ◽

Primary Advantage ◽

General Conditions

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Multiple Orientation Circuits Converging on the Pd7 Cells in Tritonia diomedea

ISRN Biophysics ◽

10.5402/2012/839040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

L. G. Abraçado

Keyword(s):

Signal Amplification ◽

Odor Stimulus ◽

Magnetic Orientation ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Food Odor ◽

Sensory Pathways ◽

Tritonia Diomedea ◽

Orientation Mechanism ◽

Potential Activity ◽

The Magnetic Field

Magnetoreception is a sophisticated orientation mechanism, involving a magnetoreceptor connected to the nervous system with signal amplification. The mollusk Tritonia diomedea is a good model to investigate the behavioral and neural responses to the magnetic field. The mollusk inhibits all unnecessary activities and focuses on an available cue during orientation. Although Pd7 cells are inhibited by magnetic pathway, it was excited by another stimulus, water streams plus food odor. Two sensory pathways connected to Pd7 through the same or different circuits were tested. The action potential activity through Pd7 was compared in these different stimulations. The changes in Pd7 activity indicate a response of enhanced electrical activity to water streams plus food odor stimulus, and Pd7 activity can be excited by at least one of these stimuli. These results indicate an inverse relationship between magnetic orientation and feeding.

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Effects of emotional information toward the same odor stimulus.

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association ◽

10.4992/pacjpa.74.0_1am143 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 74 (0) ◽

pp. 1AM143-1AM143

Author(s):

Yu AKIYAMA ◽

Tatsu KOBAYAKAWA ◽

Takefumi KOBAYASHI

Keyword(s):

Odor Stimulus ◽

Emotional Information

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Temporal Integrity of an Airborne Odor Stimulus is Greatly Affected by Physical Aspects of the Odor Delivery System

Chemical Senses ◽

10.1093/chemse/bjj040 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 359-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Richard S. Vetter ◽

Amy E. Sage ◽

Kristine A. Justus ◽

Ring T. Cardé ◽

C. Giovanni Galizia

Keyword(s):

Delivery System ◽

Odor Stimulus

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Initial Characterization of a Subpopulation of Inherent Oscillatory Mammalian Olfactory Receptor Neurons

Chemical Senses ◽

10.1093/chemse/bjz052 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

pp. 583-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kirill Ukhanov ◽

Yuriy V Bobkov ◽

Jeffrey R Martens ◽

Barry W Ache

Keyword(s):

Olfactory Receptor ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Rhythmic Activity ◽

Olfactory Receptor Neurons ◽

Odor Stimulus ◽

Fundamental Feature ◽

Published Evidence ◽

Odor Plumes ◽

Receptor Neurons

Abstract Published evidence suggests that inherent rhythmically active or “bursting” primary olfactory receptor neurons (bORNs) in crustaceans have the previously undescribed functional property of encoding olfactory information by having their rhythmicity entrained by the odor stimulus. In order to determine whether such bORN-based encoding is a fundamental feature of olfaction that extends beyond crustaceans, we patch-clamped bORN-like ORNs in mice, characterized their dynamic properties, and show they align with the dynamic properties of lobster bORNs. We then characterized bORN-like activity by imaging the olfactory epithelium of OMP-GCaMP6f mice. Next, we showed rhythmic activity is not dependent upon the endogenous OR by patching ORNs in OR/GFP mice. Lastly, we showed the properties of bORN-like ORNs characterized in mice generalize to rats. Our findings suggest encoding odor time should be viewed as a fundamental feature of olfaction with the potential to be used to navigate odor plumes in animals as diverse as crustaceans and mammals.

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Synaptic Correlates of Odor Habituation in the Rat Anterior Piriform Cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1998.80.2.998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 80 (2) ◽

pp. 998-1001 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Donald A. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Time Course ◽

Piriform Cortex ◽

Odor Stimulus ◽

Intracellular Recordings ◽

Lateral Olfactory Tract ◽

Postsynaptic Potentials ◽

Anterior Piriform Cortex ◽

Response Recovery ◽

Stimulation Of

Wilson, Donald A. Synaptic correlates of odor habituation in the rat anterior piriform cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 998–1001, 1998. Responses of anterior piriform cortex layer II/III neurons to both odors and electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) were measured with intracellular recordings in urethan-anesthetized, freely breathing rats. Odor-evoked, respiration-entrained postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) rapidly habituated during a 50-s odor stimulus, then spontaneously recovered within 2 min of odor termination. Associated with the decrease in odor-evoked PSP amplitude was a decrease in the monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the LOT. The decrement in LOT-evoked EPSPs recovered with a time course similar to the odor response recovery. These results demonstrate that odor habituation is associated with a decrease in afferent synaptic efficacy in the anterior piriform cortex.

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Effects of Odor Stimulation on Antidromic Spikes in Olfactory Sensory Neurons

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.90399.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (6) ◽

pp. 3074-3085 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John W. Scott ◽

Lisa Sherrill

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Sensory Neurons ◽

Olfactory Receptor ◽

Olfactory Receptor Neuron ◽

Olfactory Nerve ◽

Receptor Neuron ◽

Odor Stimulus ◽

Olfactory Sensory Neurons ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Receptor Neurons

Spikes were evoked in rat olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) populations by electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb nerve layer in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. The latencies and recording positions for these compound spikes showed that they originated in olfactory epithelium. Dual simultaneous recordings indicated conduction velocities in the C-fiber range, around 0.5 m/s. These spikes are concluded to arise from antidromically activated olfactory sensory neurons. Electrical stimulation at 5 Hz was used to track changes in the size and latency of the antidromic compound population spike during the odor response. Strong odorant stimuli suppressed the spike size and prolonged its latency. The latency was prolonged throughout long odor stimuli, indicating continued activation of olfactory receptor neuron axons. The amounts of spike suppression and latency change were strongly correlated with the electroolfactogram (EOG) peak size evoked at the same site across odorants and across stimulus intensities. We conclude that the curve of antidromic spike suppression gives a reasonable representation of spiking activity in olfactory sensory neurons driven by odorants and that the correlation of peak spike suppression with the peak EOG shows the accuracy of the EOG as an estimate of intracellular potential in the population of olfactory sensory neurons. In addition, these results have important implications about traffic in olfactory nerve bundles. We did not observe multiple peaks corresponding to stimulated and unstimulated receptor neurons. This suggests synchronization of spikes in olfactory nerve, perhaps by ephaptic interactions. The long-lasting effect on spike latency shows that action potentials continue in the nerve throughout the duration of an odor stimulus in spite of many reports of depolarization block in olfactory receptor neuron cell bodies. Finally, strong odor stimulation caused almost complete block of antidromic spikes. This indicates that a very large proportion of olfactory axons was activated by single strong odor stimuli.

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