Tangible Skincare Technology for Improving Skin Surface Promptly

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Etsuko Watarai ◽  
Hiroki Yoshitake ◽  
Takuji Kume ◽  
Satoru Naito ◽  
Masatoshi Hashimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface

Enzymatic Determination of Hydroxysteroids in Human Skin Surface Lipids1

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J Cook ◽  
Allan L Lorincz ◽  
Alan R Spector
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Enzymatic Determination

Validation and inter-rater reliability of inexpensive, mini, no-touch infrared surface thermometry devices as an assessment tool for prediction of wound-related deep and surrounding infection

WCET Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Hiske Smart ◽  
Eman Al Al Jahmi ◽  
Ebrahim Buhiji ◽  
Sally-Anne Smart
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Infrared Thermometry ◽  
Health Care Clinics ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Wound Assessment ◽  
The Times ◽  
Assessment Modality

Industrial infrared thermometry devices are large and, despite being less expensive than the current gold standard Exergen Dermatemp medical infrared thermometer, are still not affordable enough to ensure unrestricted and consistent use of this assessment modality in regular wound-related day-to-day practice. An increased skin surface temperature differentiation of 3°F associated with a wound has a positive predictive ability to detect deep or surrounding wound infection. This study hypothesised that inexpensive, pen- or pocket-sized, no-touch surface infrared thermometry devices will be equal in ability to detect a 3oF increased skin temperature compared to the Exergen Dermatemp infrared device and be reliable in the hands of any wound assessor. The odds of the control and other thermometers to detect a 3oF temperature difference, irrespective of the raters, were achieved in all five of the mini thermometers tested, with a correct temperature difference prediction that occurred in 90.933% of the times (odds determined 9/10). As a result of this study mini, no-touch infrared thermometry, to detect a 3oF temperature difference in wound assessment to determine tendency, could be implemented into primary health care clinics, rural clinics, day-to-day hospital practice and standard outpatients departments at a small financial cost, regardless of which thermometer is put to use.

Analysis of Skin Surface Lipids

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokuji HIROWATARI
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
Surface Lipids ◽  
Skin Surface Lipids

The Possible Function of sIgA on the Skin Surface in Vivo.

1995 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako GOTO ◽  
Takahiro GYOTOKU ◽  
Shuhei IMAYAMA ◽  
Yoshiaki HORI
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface

COMPARISON OF ELECTRON BEAM TRANSMISSION OF DIFFERENT ENERGIES WITH TWO DIFFERENT BLOCK MATERIALS AT DIFFERENT PLACEMENT POSITIONS WITHIN THE APPLICATOR

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Navitha M ◽  
Jitendra Nigam ◽  
Silambarasan N S ◽  
Piyush Kumar ◽  
Pavan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Parallel Plane ◽  
Percentage Transmission ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Beam Transmission ◽  
Shielding Material ◽  
Different Thickness ◽  
Thick Lead ◽  
Lead Sheet

INTRODUCTION: Superficial tumors are treated with electron beams. Shielding blocks are used to conform to the shape of the tumor. These shielding blocks are usually kept at lower level of the applicator which is near the skin surface. The scattering property of electron may increase the surface dose which will increase with increasing electron energies. The purpose of this study is to compare electron beam transmission of different energies with two different block materials at different placement positions within the applicator. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cerrobend alloy (50%bismuth, 26.7%lead, 13.3%tin and 10%cadmium) and 1mm thick lead sheets (94%lead, 6%alloy) in Varian Clinac2300C/D linear accelerator with electron energies 6,9,12,16 and 20MeVs using 10x10 applicator at 3 different holding levels was used. Measurements with RW3 Slab phantom (Water equivalent), PPC05 Parallel Plane Chamber, Dose 1 electrometer was done. The slab phantom 30x30x10 cm3 aligned with PPC05 Parallel Plane Chamber (at R85 of respective energies). Readings measured for open and block fields, for different thickness of shielding material, at different placement positions within the applicator. The percentage transmission calculated manually. RESULTS: Using electron energies 6,9,12,16, and 20MeVs respectively the transmission% were: with lead sheet 1mm thickness-2.48%,8.69%,16.05%, 28.03% and 39.50% at lower placement position, 1.19%,3.76%,7.75%,15% and 23.99% at centre placement and 0.96%,3.02%,6.15% and 20.27% for upper placement; with 2mm thickness-0.89%,1.62%,3.66%, 8.95% and 16.35% at lower level, 0.60%,1.28%,2.54%,5.74% and 10.72% at centre level and 0.57%,0.94%, 2.12%,4.85% and 9.22% at upper level; with 3mm thickness-0.80%,1.53%,2.88%,5.29% and 9.42% at lower position, 0.52%,1.25%,2.06%,4.03% and 7.36% at centre position and 0.51%, 0.90%,1.78%,3.66% and 6.43% at upper position; with 4mm thickness- 0.75%,1.40%, 2.71%,4.81% and 7.76% at lower level, 0.50%,1.18%,1.95%,3.68% and 6.31% at center level and 0.51%,0.80%, 1.70%,3.34% and 5.65% at upper level; with 5mm thickness-0.73%, 1.30%,2.57%,4.56% and 7.20% at lower level, 0.45%,1.06%,1.81%,3.48% and 5.68% at center level and 0.47%,0.79%,1.61%,3.13% and 5.24% at upper level. For Cerrobend material 5mm thickness, the transmission at lower level are 0.79%,1.50%,2.98%,5.58% and 10.39%, at center level are 0.52%,0.99%,2.09%,4.12% and 7.67% and at upper level are 0.49%,0.91%, 1.82%,3.75% and 6.90% for the energies 6,9,12,16 and 20 MeV’s respectively. CONCLUSION: There is not much difference in the transmission values at centre and upper levels so as to keep nearer the skin, the centre position in electron applicator may be optimum. Lead sheets can be used since easy to prepare especially for rectangular or square shapes.

scholarly journals Lipid Metabolic Events Underlying the Formation of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Philip W. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Schiff’S Base ◽  
Cornified Envelope ◽  
Epoxy Alcohol ◽  
Viable Epidermis ◽  
Transglutaminase 1 ◽  
Base Formation

Cornified cells of the stratum corneum have a monolayer of an unusual lipid covalently attached to the outer surface. This is referred to as the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE). It consists of a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides covalently attached to the outer surface of the cornified envelope. The CLE is essential for proper barrier function of the skin and is derived from linoleate-rich acylglucosylceramides synthesized in the viable epidermis. Biosynthesis of acylglucosylceramide and its conversion to the cornified envelope is complex. Acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of the lamellar granule is the precursor of the CLE. The acylglucosylceramide in the limiting membrane of the lamellar granule may be oriented with the glucosyl moiety on the inside. Conversion of the acylglucosylceramide to the CLE requires removal of the glucose by action of a glucocerebrosidase. The ester-linked fatty acid may be removed by an as yet unidentified esterase, and the resulting ω-hydroxyceramide may become ester linked to the outer surface of the cornified envelope through action of transglutaminase 1. Prior to removal of ester-linked fatty acids, linoleate is oxidized to an epoxy alcohol through action of 2 lipoxygenases. This can be further oxidized to an epoxy-enone, which can spontaneously attach to the cornified envelope through Schiff’s base formation. Mutations of genes coding for enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the CLE result in ichthyosis, often accompanied by neurologic dysfunction. The CLE is recognized as essential for barrier function of skin, but many questions about details of this essentiality remain. What are the relative roles of the 2 mechanisms of lipid attachment? What is the orientation of acylglucosylceramide in the bounding membrane of lamellar granules? Some evidence supports a role for CLE as a scaffold upon which intercellular lamellae unfold, but other evidence does not support this role. There is also controversial evidence for a role in stratum corneum cohesion. Evidence is presented to suggest that covalently bound ω-hydroxyceramides serve as a reservoir for free sphingosine that can serve in communicating with the viable epidermis and act as a potent broad-acting antimicrobial at the skin surface. Many questions remain.

scholarly journals Data-driven modelling approach to circadian temperature rhythm profiles in free-living conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jari Lipsanen ◽  
Liisa Kuula ◽  
Marko Elovainio ◽  
Timo Partonen ◽  
Anu-Katriina Pesonen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Temperature Rhythm ◽  
Time Series Modelling ◽  
Circadian Preference ◽  
Free Living Conditions

AbstractThe individual variation in the circadian rhythms at the physiological level is not well understood. Albeit self-reported circadian preference profiles have been consolidated, their premises are grounded on human experience, not on physiology. We used data-driven, unsupervised time series modelling to characterize distinct profiles of the circadian rhythm measured from skin surface temperature in free-living conditions. We demonstrate the existence of three distinct clusters of individuals which differed in their circadian temperature profiles. The cluster with the highest temperature amplitude and the lowest midline estimating statistic of rhythm, or rhythm-adjusted mean, had the most regular and early-timed sleep–wake rhythm, and was the least probable for those with a concurrent delayed sleep phase, or eveningness chronotype. While the clusters associated with the observed sleep and circadian preference patterns, the entirely unsupervised modelling of physiological data provides a novel basis for modelling and understanding the human circadian functions in free-living conditions.

The Difference in Facial Movement Between the Medial and the Lateral Midface: A 3D Skin Surface Vector Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Freytag ◽  
Michael G Alfertshofer ◽  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Dmitry V Melnikov ◽  
Nicholas Moellhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Anatomic Location ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Functional Boundary ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Our understanding of the functional anatomy of the face is constantly improving. To date, it is unclear whether the anatomic location of the line of ligaments has any functional importance during normal facial movements such as smiling. Objectives It is the objective of the present study to identify differences in facial movements between the medial and lateral midface by means of skin vector displacement analyses derived from 3D imaging and to further ascertain whether the line of ligaments has both a structural and functional significance in these movements. Methods The study sample consisted of 21 healthy volunteers (9 females & 12 males) of Caucasian ethnic background with a mean age of 30.6 (8.3) years and a mean BMI of 22.57 (2.5) kg/m 2. 3D images of the volunteers’ faces in repose and during smiling (Duchenne type) were taken. 3D imaging-based skin vector displacement analyses were conducted. Results The mean horizontal skin displacement was 0.08 (2.0) mm in the medial midface (lateral movement) and was -0.08 (1.96) mm in the lateral midface (medial movement) (p = 0.711). The mean vertical skin displacement (cranial movement of skin toward the forehead/temple) was 6.68 (2.4) mm in the medial midface whereas it was 5.20 (2.07) mm in the lateral midface (p = 0.003). Conclusions The results of this study provide objective evidence for an antagonistic skin movement between the medial and the lateral midface. The functional boundary identified by 3D imaging corresponds to the anatomic location of the line of ligaments.

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