De kerk als alternatief voor de natie : Een visie op de vroege oecumenische beweging

Abstract The ecumenical movement started at the time of the First World War and was molded by the nationalism that ignited this war. In 1914-1918 it became clear that the nations had become a hindrance for the churches. At first, internationalism seemed the answer to this problem, but in the 1920s and 1930s it turned out that internationalism still was too abstract, and nationalism was still too dominant. In the early 1920s W.A. Visser ’t Hooft was active in the international Christian student movement, where he learned the relevance of Christianity as an alternative for nationalism, and in the 1930s he explicitly chose for the church as an alternative for the nation. In order to make the church relevant over against nationalism and rising totalitarianism the national, liturgical and confessional differences between churches had to be overcome to enable the church to speak with one voice. This aim was not realized yet at the time of the Second World War, but the ecumenical movement encouraged churches to formulate its own identity and develop its own mission amidst nationalism and totalitarianism.

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Denkend aan Callewaert. Over de pater-dominicaan Juul Callewaert en de Vlaamse beweging

WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging ◽

10.21825/wt.v75i2.12061 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 147-165

Author(s):

Anton Milh

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Prison Sentence ◽

World War ◽

National Union ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

The Church

De Vlaamse dominicaan Juul Callewaert (1886-1964) was in zijn tijd een bekend voorvechter van de Vlaamse zaak. Vandaag de dag is zijn leven en denken echter wat in de vergetelheid geraakt. Dit artikel – geschreven 130 jaar na zijn geboorte – wil de pater opnieuw voor het voetlicht plaatsen door een biografisch overzicht te presenteren en een ideologisch profiel te schetsen. Callewaert doorliep zijn humaniora aan het Klein Seminarie van Roeselare, waar hij sterk werd beïnvloed door het romantisch flamingantisme. In 1905 trad hij in bij de dominicanen, en in 1912 werd hij voor deze orde tot priester gewijd. Doorheen de Eerste Wereldoorlog radicaliseerde hij sterk; zo had hij tegen het einde van de oorlog zelfs volledig gebroken met de Belgische staat. In de jaren onmiddellijk na de oorlog kwam de pater verschillende keren in botsing met de kerkelijke overheid vanwege zijn al te politieke optreden. Om die reden werd hij in 1920 weggestuurd naar Ierland, waar op dat moment de Ierse onafhankelijkheidsstrijd zijn hoogtepunt bereikte. Zijn nationalistische vuur laaide er dan ook eerder op dan dat het bekoelde. Bij zijn terugkomst in Vlaanderen in 1921 kwam de pater opnieuw in aanvaring met de kerkelijke overheid met zo goed als alle initiatieven waarin hij betrokken was. In de jaren ’30 groeide hij uit tot een van de éminences grises van het Vlaams Nationaal Verbond (VNV). De collaboratie van het VNV met de bezettende macht tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog werd door hem aanvankelijk goedgekeurd, vanuit zijn droom van een “uur van Vlaanderen”. Door allerlei factoren keerde hij zich hier in de loop van 1942-1943 echter van af. Na de oorlog werd de pater veroordeeld voor het steunen van de collaboratie. Na een gevangenisstraf en een verplicht verblijf te Zwitserland, keerde hij in 1950 terug naar Vlaanderen. Zijn rol op politiek vlak was nu echter volledig uitgespeeld.________Remembering Callewaert. On the Dominican father Juul Callewaert and the Flemish MovementThe Flemish Dominican Juul Callewaert (1886-1964) was a well-known champion of the Flemish cause in his time. Nowadays, his life and thought have somewhat fallen into oblivion. This article – written 130 years after his birth – aspires to put Fr. Callewaert back in the limelight, by presenting a biographical overview and sketching an ideological profile. Callewaert undertook a classical secondary education at the Minor Seminary of Roeselare, where he was strongly influenced by the romantic strain of the Flemish Movement. In 1905 he joined the Dominicans, and in 1912 he was ordained as a priest. Over the course of the First World War he became strongly radicalised; by the end of the war he had even broken completely with the Belgian state. In the years immediately following the war Fr. Callewaert clashed with the Church authorities on numerous occasions on account of his political attitudes. For these reasons he was sent away to Ireland in 1920, where the struggle for Irish independence was reaching its high point. His nationalist fire then burned even brighter, rather than cooling down. Upon his return to Flanders in 1921, Fr. Callewaert once again came into conflict with the Church authorities in virtually all projects with which he was involved. In the 1930s he came to be one of the éminences grises of the Flemish National Union (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond, VNV). At first, he approved of the VNV’s collaboration with the occupying power during the Second World War, on account of his dream of Flemish independence. Because of several factors, he turned definitively away from collaboration over the course of 1942-1943. After the war, Fr. Callewaert was convicted of supporting collaboration. After a prison sentence and a forced sojourn in Switzerland, he returned to Flanders in 1950. His role in politics was now completely finished.

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Western Ethnic Borderlands in the Influence of Russian-Soviet Propagangda Before and in the Years of the Second World War

Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича Історія ◽

10.31861/hj2017.46.32-39 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (46) ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

Igor Lyubchyk

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Russian Orthodoxy ◽

The Social ◽

The First World War ◽

Post War ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

Russian Identity

The research issue peculiarities of wide Russian propaganda among the most Western ethnographic group – Lemkies is revealed in the article. The character and orientation of Russian and Soviet agitation through the social, religious and social movements aimed at supporting Russian identity in the region are traced. Tragic pages during the First World War were Thalrogian prisons for Lemkas, which actually swept Lemkivshchyna through Muscovophilian influences. Agitation for Russian Orthodoxy has provoked frequent cases of sharp conflicts between Lemkas. In general, attempts by moskvophile agitators to impose russian identity on the Orthodox rite were failed. Taking advantage of the complex socio-economic situation of Lemkos, Russian campaigners began to promote moving to the USSR. Another stage of Russian propaganda among Lemkos began with the onset of the Second World War. Throughout the territory of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, Soviet propaganda for resettlement to the USSR began rather quickly. During the dramatic events of the Second World War and the post-war period, despite the outbreaks of the liberation movement, among the Lemkoswere manifestations of political sympathies oriented toward the USSR. Keywords: borderlands, Lemkivshchyna, Lemky, Lemkivsky schism, Moskvophile, Orthodoxy, agitation, ethnopolitics

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The Motif of Sacrifice in the Literature and Culture of the Second World War

10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Rawlinson

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Home Front ◽

World War ◽

War Poetry ◽

Anglophone Literature ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

This chapter explores how Anglophone literature and culture envisioned and questioned an economy of sacrificial exchange, particularly its symbolic aspect, as driving the compulsions entangled in the Second World War. After considering how Elizabeth Bowen’s short stories cast light on the Home Front rhetorics of sacrifice and reconstruction, it looks at how poets Robert Graves, Keith Douglas, and Alun Lewis reflect on First World War poetry of sacrifice. With reference to René Girard’s and Carl von Clausewitz’s writings on war, I take up Elaine Cobley’s assertion about the differing valencies of the First and Second World Wars, arguing that the contrast is better seen in terms of sacrificial economy. I develop that argument with reference to examples from Second World War literature depicting sacrificial exchange (while often harking back to the First World War), including Evelyn Waugh’s Sword of Honour Trilogy (1952–61), and William Wharton’s memoir Shrapnel (2012).

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Blockade and the Civilian Population

10.1093/oso/9780198808435.003.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Phillip Drew

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Gulf War ◽

Second World War ◽

Maritime Trade ◽

World War ◽

Civilian Population ◽

Strategic Bombing ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

Drawing on several examples through history, this chapter illustrates the devastating potential that maritime blockades can have when they are employed against modern societies that are dependent on maritime trade, and particularly on the importation of foodstuffs and agricutltural materials for the survival of their civilian populations. Revealing statistics that show that the blockade of Germany during the First World War caused more civilian deaths than did the allied strategic bombing campaign of the Second World War, and that the sanctions regime against Iraq killed far more people than did the 1991 Gulf War, it demonstrates that civilian casualties are often the true unseen cost of conducting blockade operations.

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Will the World’s Glass after the Coronavirus Pandemic Be Half-Empty or Half-Full?

Südosteuropa ◽

10.1515/soeu-2020-0018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 274-281

Author(s):

Dubravka Stojanović

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

The Political ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Great Crash ◽

Second World ◽

First World

AbstractThe author comments on the political and economic options in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic that started at the beginning of 2020. She revisits responses to the crises of the First World War, the Great Crash of 1929, and the Second World War, sorting them into ‘pessimistic’ and ‘optimistic’ responses, and outlining their respective consequences.

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Arcybiskup generał brygady Sawa (Sowietow) 1898–1951: duszpasterz, żołnierz, obywatel

10.31338/uw.9788323549352 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jerzy Grzybowski

Keyword(s):

Armed Forces ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Orthodox Church ◽

Religious Service ◽

World War ◽

Military Chaplain ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The books presents the life of archbishop brygadier general Sawa (Sowietow). The author explores its successive stages: young years during the First World War, priesthood in the Second Polish Republic, wanderings during the Second World War, service in Polish Armed Forces in the West (as the chief military chaplain of the Orthodox Church), and religious service among Polish citizens abroad after the Yalta Conference.

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Programming Men and Machines. Changing Organisation in the Artillery Computations at Aberdeen Proving Ground (1916-1946)

Revue de Synthèse ◽

10.1163/19552343-13900013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 139 (3-4) ◽

pp. 241-266

Author(s):

Maarten Bullynck

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Computational Power ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Electronic Computers ◽

Aberdeen Proving Ground ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

Differential Analyzer

Abstract After the First World War mathematics and the organisation of ballistic computations at Aberdeen Proving Ground changed considerably. This was the basis for the development of a number of computing aids that were constructed and used during the years 1920 to 1950. This article looks how the computational organisation forms and changes the instruments of calculation. After the differential analyzer relay-based machines were built by Bell Labs and, finally, the ENIAC, one of the first electronic computers, was built, to satisfy the need for computational power in ballistics during the second World War.

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Specifics of the International Political Position of the Commonwealth of Australia in the first half of the ХХ-th century

Problems of World History ◽

10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 133-149

Author(s):

I. Vietrynskyi

Keyword(s):

British Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Political Situation ◽

The First World War ◽

The Impact ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The paper focuses on the initial stage of the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the process of its establishing as an independent State. The international political context for the development of the country, from the period of creation of the Federation to the beginning of the Second World War, is primarily viewed. The Commonwealth’s international position, its place and role in the regional and global geopolitical processes of the early XX century, in particular in the context of its relations with Great Britain, are analyzed. The features of the transformation of British colonial policies on the eve of the First World War are examined. The specifics of the UK system of relations with Australia, as well as other dominions, are being examined. The features of status of the dominions in the British Empire system are shown. The role of the dominions and, in particular, the Commonwealth of Australia in the preparatory process for the First World War, as well as the peculiarities of its participation in hostilities, is analyzed. The significance of the actions of the First World War on the domestic political situation in Australia, as well as its impact on dominions relations with the British Empire, is revealed. The history of the foundation of the Australian-New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and its participation in imperial forces on the frontline of the First World War is analyzed. The success and failure of its fighters, as well as the role of ANZAC, in the process of formation an Australian political nation are analyzed. The economic, humanitarian and international political consequences of the First World War for the Commonwealth of Australia are examined, as well as the influence of these consequences on the structure of relations between the dominions and the British Empire. The socio-economic situation of the Commonwealth of Australia on the eve of World War II, in particular the impact of the Great depression on the development of the country as a whole and its internal political situation in particular, is analyzed. The ideological, military-strategic and international political prerequisites for Australia’s entry into the Second World War are being considered.

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The War Hotel

Ata Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand ◽

10.9791/ajpanz.2013.10 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 114-116

Author(s):

Paul Solomon

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Extended Family ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Israeli Defense Force ◽

Tv News ◽

The First World War ◽

Second World ◽

First World

War frames our lives. We live, as Billy Bragg (1985) put it, “Between the Wars”; or we live during wars, or after wars; or we live in terror of the threat of war; or get passionately aroused into war. We may watch helplessly as TV news shows us events of horror and violence overseas; on 19th June this year New Zealanders watched video on TV3 News of Kiwi troops under fire in Afghanistan, recorded on a soldier’s helmet-cam. Recent events unfolded once more on TVNZ with gut-wrenching inevitability: I watched as two soldiers were killed, and four injured. The survivors probably will return home traumatised. My interest in reviewing The War Hotel was personal: my grandfather fought in the First World War, my father in the Second World War. I served in the Israeli Defense Force, 1965-1967, and soon felt appalled by Israel’s treatment of the Palestinians. Some of my Jewish extended family perished in Poland during the Shoah. All humanity is touched by war, in varying degrees of separation.

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The Belgian national past: Between commemoration and silence

Memory Studies ◽

10.1177/1750698011424030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 45-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Valerie Rosoux ◽

Laurence van Ypersele

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

The Other ◽

World War ◽

The Past ◽

The First World War ◽

The One ◽

Memory Conflicts ◽

Second World ◽

First World

This article examines the gradual deconstruction of the Belgian national identity. Is it possible to speak of a de facto differentiation or even ‘federalization’ of the so-called ‘national past’ in Belgium? How do Belgians choose to remember and forget this past? To contribute to an understanding of these issues, the article considers two very different episodes of Belgian history, namely the First World War and the colonization of the Congo. On the one hand, the memory of the First World War appears to provide the template for memory conflicts in Belgium, and thus informs the memories of other tragedies such as the Second World War. On the other hand, the memory of the colonial past remains much more consensual – providing a more nuanced picture of competing views on the past. Beyond the differences between the ways in which these episodes are officially portrayed, the same fundamental trend may be observed: the gradual fragmentation of a supposedly smooth and reliable national version of history.

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