Bacterial cell wall nature and its mode of resistance against antibiotic drugs: An Overview

Bacterial cell wall is made up of two derivatives of NAG (N- acetylglucosamine) and NAM (Nacetylmuramic) which forms peptidoglycan. On the basis of peptidoglycan bacteria are classified into two main categories: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. But there are some other bacteria which are devoid of cell wall like PPLOs (pleuropneumonia like organism) and some are L-form which do have a cell wall but they can switch to cell wall deficient state and vice-versa. L- form bacteria can change shapes to avoid antibiotics. Bacterial strain ST144 and ST782 were tested on media with or without osmo-protection in the presence and absence of Fosfomycin and showed that bacteria can switched to L-form and revert back to walled state after antibiotic treatment and causing recurrent UTI (Urinary tract infection) in patients. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and immunity effectors favour bacterial L- form. Bacteria have different mechanism of avoiding antibiotics but changing the morphology to L-form make difficult for antibiotics to identify the cell wall which makes bacteria to persist more in human body to causing full blown infection. Mutation caused by disassembly of ribosomal sub-unit can also helps the bacteria to survive in multi-drug environment. The current article highlights the nature of bacterial cell wall and its nature against antibiotic drugs in human beings.