scholarly journals Regulatory proteins in placental angiogenesis

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-700
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar K. V. ◽  
Kavitha S. ◽  
Sreekanth K. S.
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Angiogenic Factors ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Vascular Growth ◽  
Placental Angiogenesis ◽  
Physiological Phenomenon ◽  
Vessel Growth ◽  
Vasculogenesis And Angiogenesis ◽  
And Function

The vasculature of the placenta plays a crucial role during the course of pregnancy in order to maintain the growing need of the fetus. Abnormal placental structure and function significantly increase the risk of stillbirth. Various growth factors and cytokines play an important role in the vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of placenta. These processes are stimulated by various pro-angiogenic factors. The activities of these factors are also stimulated by hypoxia. In some of the physiological phenomenon like ovulation, embryogenesis as well as in wound healing intense blood vessel growth can be seen similar to that seen in placenta. Therefore, factors that induce and maintain placental vascular growth and function are of considerable developmental and clinical significance. The total arterial architecture may also depend upon the pro-angiogenic factors. Hormones and other growth factors are other contributors of this vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Any dysfunction of factors can lead to foetal hypoxia and related complications. This review describes the major growth factors and their significant role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis of placenta.

Structure and Function of Angiopoietin-like Protein 3 (ANGPTL3) in Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5159-5174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjie Lu
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Vascular Growth ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
And Function ◽  
Systematic Appraisal

Background:Angiopoietin-Like Proteins (ANGPTLs) are structurally related to the angiopoietins. A total of eight ANGPTLs (from ANGPTL1 to ANGPTL8) have been identified so far. Most ANGPTLs possess multibiological functions on lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Among them, ANGPTL3 has been shown to regulate the levels of Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) made by the liver and play a crucial role in human lipoprotein metabolism.Method:A systematic appraisal of ANGPTLs was conducted, focusing on the main features of ANGPTL3 that has a significant role in atherosclerosis.Results:Angiopoietins including ANGPTL3 are vascular growth factors that are highly specific for endothelial cells, perform a variety of other regulatory activities to influence inflammation, and have been shown to possess both pro-atherosclerotic and atheroprotective effects.Conclusion:ANGPTL3 has been demonstrated as a promising target in the pharmacological management of atherosclerosis. However, many questions remain about its biological functions.

Structure and function of complement C5 convertase enzymes

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1006-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Pangburn ◽  
N. Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Membrane Attack Complex ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
And Function ◽  
Natural Decay ◽  
The Complement System

The multisubunit enzymes of the complement system that cleave C5 have many unusual properties, the most striking of which is that they acquire their specificity for C5 following cleavage of another substrate C3. C5 convertases are assemblies of two proteins C4b and C2a (classical or lectin pathways) or C3b and Bb (alternative pathway) and additional C3b molecules. The catalytic complexes (C4b, C2a or C3b, Bb) are intrinsically unstable (t1,2 = 1–3 min) and the enzymes are controlled by numerous regulatory proteins that accelerate this natural decay rate. Immediately after assembly, the bi-molecular enzymes preferentially cleave the protein C3 and exhibit poor activity toward C5 (a Km of approx. 25 μM and a C5 cleavage rate of 0.3-1 C5/min at Vmax). Efficient C3 activation results in the covalent attachment of C3b to the cell surface and to the enzyme itself, resulting in formation of C3b-C3b and C4b-C3b complexes. Our studies have shown that deposition of C3b alters the specificity of the enzymes of both pathways by changing the Km for C5 more than 1000-fold from far above the physiological C5 concentration to far below it. Thus, after processing sufficient C3 at the surface of a microorganism, the enzymes switch to processing C5, which initiates the formation of the cytolytic membrane attack complex of complement.

scholarly journals 2P101 Structure and function of feast/famine regulatory proteins : 3.interaction between the FL11 protein and the fl11 promoter

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (supplement) ◽  
pp. S135
Author(s):  
K. Yokoyama ◽  
H. Koike ◽  
S.A. Ishijima ◽  
L. Clowney ◽  
T. Kikuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Glucose, Insulin, and Oxygen Interplay in Placental Hypervascularisation in Diabetes Mellitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvija Cvitic ◽  
Gernot Desoye ◽  
Ursula Hiden
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Vascular Development ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
Fetal Hypoxia ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Vascular Growth ◽  
Placental Angiogenesis ◽  
Diabetic Placenta

The placental vasculature rapidly expands during the course of pregnancy in order to sustain the growing needs of the fetus. Angiogenesis and vascular growth are stimulated and regulated by a variety of growth factors expressed in the placenta or present in the fetal circulation. Like in tumors, hypoxia is a major regulator of angiogenesis because of its ability to stimulate expression of various proangiogenic factors. Chronic fetal hypoxia is often found in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes as a result of fetal hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia. Both are associated with altered levels of hormones, growth factors, and proinflammatory cytokines, which may act in a proangiogenic manner and, hence, affect placental angiogenesis and vascular development. Indeed, the placenta in diabetes is characterized by hypervascularisation, demonstrating high placental plasticity in response to diabetic metabolic derangements. This review describes the major regulators of placental angiogenesis and how the diabetic environmentin uteroalters their expression. In the light of hypervascularized diabetic placenta, the focus was placed on proangiogenic factors.

Vascular growth factors play critical roles in kidney glomeruli

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1225-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Gnudi ◽  
Sara Benedetti ◽  
Adrian S. Woolf ◽  
David A Long
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Glomerular Disease ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Vascular Growth ◽  
Vascular Growth Factor ◽  
And Function ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factors

Kidney glomeruli ultrafilter blood to generate urine and they are dysfunctional in a variety of kidney diseases. There are two key vascular growth factor families implicated in glomerular biology and function, namely the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and the angiopoietins (Angpt). We present examples showing not only how these molecules help generate and maintain healthy glomeruli but also how they drive disease when their expression is dysregulated. Finally, we review how manipulating VEGF and Angpt signalling may be used to treat glomerular disease.

scholarly journals Plasma membrane tension regulates eisosome structure and function

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Appadurai ◽  
Lincoln Gay ◽  
Akshay Moharir ◽  
Michael J. Lang ◽  
Mara C. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Proteins ◽  
Nutrient Transporters ◽  
Membrane Tension ◽  
Membrane Stress ◽  
Yeast Plasma Membrane ◽  
And Function

Eisosomes are furrows of the yeast plasma membrane that are involved in the regulation of nutrient transporters and membrane stress pathways. Environmental changes affect plasma membrane tension and fluidity, which change both the eisosome structure and the localization of nutrient transporters and regulatory proteins to the eisosome.

scholarly journals Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in bovine colostrum. Sequences and biological activities compared with those of a potent truncated form

1988 ◽  
Vol 251 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Francis ◽  
F M Upton ◽  
F J Ballard ◽  
K A McNeil ◽  
J C Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Truncated Form ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factors

1. Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1 and IGF-2) together with a truncated form of IGF-1 were purified to homogeneity from bovine colostrum. 2. Two forms of IGF-1 were totally resolved from IGF-2 in the purification by h.p.l.c. involving cation-exchange and reverse-phase columns. 3. The complete amino acid sequences for all three forms of IGF were determined. The sequence of bovine IGF-1 was found to be identical with that of human IGF-1, and that of the variant lacked the N-terminal tripeptide Gly-Pro-Glu (-3N:IGF-1). Bovine IGF-2 was found to differ in three residues of the C-domain compared with human IGF-2, with serine, isoleucine and asparagine substituted for alanine, valine and serine respectively at positions 32, 35 and 36. 4. Protein synthesis in L6 rat myoblasts was stimulated and protein degradation inhibited in a co-ordinate response with all three IGFs. The relative potency in both processes was −3N:IGF-1 greater than IGF-1 greater than IGF-2. A similar order of potency was obtained for the stimulation of DNA synthesis by −3N:IGF-1 and IGF-1. The approximately 10-fold effect on biological activity of removing the N-terminal tripeptide is unexpected in view of current information on IGF-1 structure and function.

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