THE EFA PROCESS – STATE-OF-THE-ART SINTERPLANT OFF-GAS CLEANING TECHNOLOGY

Gas from the gasification of pellets made from renewable sources of energy or from lower-quality fuels often contains a number of pollutants. This may cause technical difficulties during the gas use in internal combustion gas engines used for energy and heat cogeneration. Therefore, an adequate system of gas cleaning must be selected. In line with such requirements, this paper focuses on the characterization and comparison of gases produced from different types of biomass during gasification. The biomass tested was wood, straw, and hay pellets. The paper gives a detailed description and evaluation of the measurements from a fix-bed gasifier for the properties of the produced gases, raw fuels, tar composition, and its particle content before and after the cleaning process. The results of elemental composition, net calorific value, moisture, and ash content show that the cleaned gases are suitable for internal combustion engine-based cogeneration systems, but unsuitable for gas turbines, where a different cleaning technology would be needed.

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GAS-CLEANING TECHNOLOGY

Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook ◽

10.1016/b978-012289676-7/50016-3 ◽

2001 ◽

pp. 1197-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PETRI SJOHOLM ◽

DEREK B. INGHAM ◽

MATTI LEHTIMAKI ◽

LEENA PERTTU-ROIHA ◽

HOWARD GOODFELLOW ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Cleaning ◽

Cleaning Technology

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Experience of graphite-containing dust of metallurgical plants processing

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2019-5-632-639 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 632-639

Author(s):

N. V. Fadeeva ◽

N. N. Orekhova ◽

O. E. Gorlova

Keyword(s):

Carbon Materials ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Foam Formation ◽

Ecological Significance ◽

State Technical ◽

Extensive Experience ◽

Gas Cleaning ◽

Russian Industry ◽

Reagent Mode ◽

Constant Practice

Graphite is a component of graphite-containing dust – one of wastes, formed at metallurgical plants. From the other side, it is a scare resource for the Russian industry. Involvement of graphite-containing wastes into processing can contribute to solving actual problems of resource, economic and ecological significance. Study of the graphite wastes utilization possibility showed an absence of constant practice of their processing at domestic metallurgical plants. The work of graphite department of Magnitogorsk steel-works (MMK) can be one of not numerous examples of the graphite dust processing at the same plant. At the department the processing of graphite-containing dust of accomplished, the dust being collected from 90 kg/h productivity gas cleaning systems of BOF shop. As a result of processing graphite concentrate obtained after flotation and iron powder – after magnetic separation. At the Department “Minerals enrichment” of the Magnitogorsk State Technical University after G.I. Nosov, the theory of graphite flotation is being elaborated under the direction of Professor V.B. Chizhevsky for many years. Besides study of graphite ores washability, which are difficult to be enriched is also carried out. Based on the gained extensive experience on perfection of reagent flotation modes for the graphite ores, it was recommended to use first VKP reagent at the MMK graphite department, and next – RAS foam formation agent, which is a refined sodium alkylartile-sulfonate. At the industrial tests, the RAS foam formation agent consumption was two times as lower comparing with industrial reagent mode, resulting in obtaining higher technological flotation indices. The experience of metallurgical plant graphite-containing dust processing can be used at both the MMK graphite department re-operation and at other plants of the industry for obtaining marketable products of high quality, that can meet requirements not only metallurgical plants, but also used for production of state-of-the-art carbon materials.

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THE TECHNOLOGY OF GAS CLEANING: STATE OF THE ART*

Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1111/j.2164-0947.1966.tb02257.x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 29 (2 Series II) ◽

pp. 147-164

Author(s):

H. J. Hall

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Gas Cleaning

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Optimizing Heat Treat Processes Through State-of-the-Art Metal Cleaning Capabilities

10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0095 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Lukowski ◽

Michael Onken

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Key Factors ◽

Process Step ◽

Heat Treat ◽

Cleaning Agent ◽

The Us ◽

Underlying Causes ◽

Vacuum Cleaning ◽

Cleaning Technology

Abstract Metal cleaning has the potential to make or break heat treat processes. However, many heat treat companies are struggling with common cleaning challenges, including residual contaminations leading to insufficient hardening/nitriding/brazing results; surface stains on the finished products; inconsistent cleaning process as well as high cleaning costs due to high consumption of cleaning agent. In addition, burned oil can cause increased maintenance costs of the equipment and contaminate the facilities. The decision for a cleaning agent or sustainable cleaning technology has become more and more important under the aspect of current legislative efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US. This paper discusses the underlying causes behind these challenges and explains key factors fundamental to ensuring high-quality metal cleaning in terms of consistency, reliability and sustainability. Furthermore, it will introduce legally compliant, state-of-the-art cleaning capabilities such as closed vacuum cleaning technology with solvent, also known as airless system, the combined (two-step-) process of solvent and water in one machine; as well as a simple one-process step with two solvent based media. The theoretical principles will be further illustrated through a joint study with HEMO GmbH (HEMO), a manufacturer of cleaning machines, on cleaning trials based on different metals and contaminations.

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New Energy Development and Energy Chemical Engineering (Topic Field) Released of Alkali Species under High Pressure Gasification of Pakistani Coal

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.141 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1094 ◽

pp. 141-145

Author(s):

Gul E Rana Jaffri ◽

Syed Ali Rehan Shah Jaffri

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Power Plants ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Elevated Pressure ◽

Severe Problem ◽

Gas Cleaning ◽

Gasification Process ◽

Inorganic Species ◽

Cleaning Technology ◽

Hot Gas Cleaning

Inorganic species are released during pressurized gasification, can cause severe problem of hot corrosion. The direct utilization of coal is harmful for power plants. The aim of work to obtained comprehensive knowledge of release alkali species Na-,K-,Cl and S-species prior to carry out experiment. Therefore thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed by Fact Sage 5.2 and simulated the gasification environment at elevated pressure.Three soft Pakistani coal such as Lakhra (Vad < 41.44%), Thar (Vad < 42.02%) and Sor-range ((Vad < 21.11%) belong to Lignite and sub-bituminous coal were selected and releasing order was calculated by plotting mole fraction of each species Vs pressure (5 to 15bar ) at 1000°C.On the basis of predicted releasing order the H2S can be predicted most stable species under gasification at elevated pressure. The high released amount of SO2, H2S, NaCl, KCl and HCl was predicted for LKH and SRC at 5 and 15 bar pressure and 1000°C temperature. Comparing with high pressure the predicted released of H2S was found higher than SO2, NaCl, KCl and HCl at 15 bar pressure while the released of SO2was observed lower than H2S, NaCl, KCl and HCl at 5 bar pressure during gasification process. The above available predicted information is valuable for hot gas cleaning technology.

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Chemical Equilibrium Prediction on Release of Na,K,Cl and S-Species during Gasification of Biomass, Soft and Hard Chinese Coal at Elevated Temperature and Pressure by Fact Sage

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.723 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 634-638 ◽

pp. 723-730 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gul E Rana Jaffri ◽

Ke Fa Cen ◽

Zhi Hua Wang

Keyword(s):

Elevated Temperature ◽

Power Plants ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Severe Problem ◽

Gas Cleaning ◽

Saw Dust ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Chinese Coal ◽

Cleaning Technology ◽

Hot Gas Cleaning

The release of alkali species can cause of severe problem of hot corrosion during gasification especially at high temperature and pressure. The direct use of coal may harmful for power plants. The aim of work to obtained comprehensive knowledge prior utilization of coal. Therefore, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed by Fact Sage 5.2 and simulated the gasification environment at elevated temperature and pressure. Four hard and soft Chinese coal such as Yungui (Vad<6.6%), Xiao Tun(Vad<11.1), Datong (Vad <23.18), Ping Zhuan (Vad<31.84) ,and Saw dust (Vad<68.80) and Saw dust char (Vad<3.39) belongs to anthracite, Sub-bituminous, lignite, biomass and biomass char were selected and releasing order was calculated by plotting mole fraction of each species Vs temperature (1000 to 1400°C) at 1 bar and VS pressure (5 to 15bar ) at 1000°C. On the basis of predicted releasing order the H2S species can be predicted most stable species for gasification at elevated temperature and pressure. The high released amount of SO2, H2S, NaCl, KCl and HCl was obtained for YUN, DAT,SAD and SADChar at (1400°C-1000°C) temperature and (15-5bar) pressure. Comparing with high pressure the predicted release of KCl and HCl was observed higher but SO2, H2S, and NaCl release was found lower than elevated temperature during combustion process. The above available predicted information is valuable for development of hot gas cleaning technology.

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