scholarly journals Reputation of Those Who Cooperate Beyond Group Boundaries: A Comparison of Universalistic and In-Group Favoring Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Wakaba Tateishi ◽  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Vignette Experiment ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Negative Reputation

It has been suggested by various studies that between-group cooperation is more difficult to achieve than within-group cooperation. To investigate the factors that inhibit between-group cooperation, the reputation of a universalist, who cooperates beyond group boundaries, was considered. If the universalists were to be evaluated negatively, people would hesitate to cooperate beyond group boundaries. To examine this possibility, a comparison was drawn between the evaluation of people who employed the universalistic strategy and those who employed the in-group favoring strategy (who cooperates only with in-group members) by conducting a vignette experiment. In the experiment, participants evaluated two in-group members: one employed the in-group favoring strategy, and the other employed the universalistic strategy. In addition to the type of strategy, a trade-off between what in-group members received and what out-group members received was manipulated. Two studies were conducted by varying the universalistic strategy. The universalistic strategy meant giving resources equally to both group members in Study 1, and it meant maximizing the joint profit between the groups in Study 2. The results across the two studies suggest that the universalistic strategy was evaluated more positively than the in-group favoring strategy, with the exception that the in-group favoring strategy was chosen as the same group member in the future. Whether there was a trade-off had little effect on the evaluations of the two strategies. Consequently, this study suggests that the negative reputation of universalists might not be a factor that inhibited between-group cooperation.

scholarly journals Intergroup Discrimination in Cooperation Among Moral and Non-Moral Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Imada ◽  
Daniel Codd ◽  
Daqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

In-group favouritism is ubiquitous and previous studies have consistently found that individuals cooperate more with in-group members than out-group members in diverse contexts. Yet, there has not been much research on the role of the nature of groups in intergroup cooperation. A recent study found stronger levels of in-group favouritism amongst groups formed on the basis of shared moral values. However, it remained unclear whether the increased favouritism was caused by a greater tendency to act favourably towards the in-group or derogatorily towards the out-group. The present study thus investigated intergroup cooperation among morality-based and non-morality-based groups and examined the levels of cooperation with an in-group member and an out-group member as compared to a person whose group membership was unknown. Regardless of how groups were formed, in-group favouritism was present, while out-group derogation was absent. Furthermore, we found that the shared morality promoted in-group cooperation indirectly via low perceived out-group warmth. Our study provides further evidence that in-group favouring behaviour does not include derogating out-groups and points to the importance of further investigation into the role of the shared morality in intergroup cooperation.

Softwarization of telecommunications

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Manzalini
Keyword(s):  
Digital Economy ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Digital Society ◽  
The Future ◽  
Systemic Innovation ◽  
Computing Platforms ◽  
Smart Things

AbstractThis paper argues that SDN and NFV principles are going to impact not only the evolution of current networks, but also the services and applications platforms. In fact, SDN and NFV, together with Cloud and Edge Computing, can be seen as facets of a broader systemic innovation wave (called softwarization) which is transforming the overall telecommunications and ICT ecosystems. Specifically, the paper proposes the vision of Software Defined Infrastructures (SDI) as highly dynamic and pervasive telecommunications and ICT frameworks of logical resources capable of executing (with a trade-off of centralisation and distribution) any network and service functions. Eventually, it is argued that, in this evolution towards SDI, the border between the networks and the Cloud-Edge Computing platforms will gradually disappear. On the other side, also the distinction between the networks and the future “terminals” (e. g., including machines, smart things, drones, robot) will blur. This transformation will have profound techno-economic implications for the telecommunications and ICT ecosystems, paving the way to the Digital Society and the Digital Economy.

Adaptive Image Steganography Based on Structural Similarity Metric

2011 ◽  
pp. 454-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangjie Liu ◽  
Shiguo Lian ◽  
Yuewei Dai ◽  
Zhiquan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Information Hiding ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Similarity Metric ◽  
Adaptive Quantization ◽  
The Future ◽  
Distortion Index

Image steganography is a common form of information hiding which embeds as many message bits into images and keep the introduced distortion imperceptible. How to balance the trade-off between the capacity and imperceptibility has become a very important issue in the researches of steganography. In this chapter, we discuss one kind of the solution for disposing the trade-off, named adaptive image steganography. After a brief review, we present two methods based on structural similarity metric. The first one is based on the generalized LSB, in which the substitution depth vector is obtained via the dynamic programming under the constraint of an allowable distortion. The second method is proposed to use adaptive quantization-embedder to carry message bits. Different from the first method, the distortion index is constructed by contrast-correlation distortion. The other difference is that the parameters of the adaptive quantization embedder are embedded into the image containing message bits by the reversible da a hiding method. Beside that, we also bring forward some attractive directions worthy of being studied in the future. Furthermore, we find that the existing methods do not have a good way to control the amount of information and the distortion as an extract manner, and most schemes are designed just according to the experiences and experiments.

scholarly journals Decisions on Extending Group Membership—Evidence from a Public Good Experiment

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Christian Grund ◽  
Christine Harbring ◽  
Kirsten Thommes ◽  
Katja Rebecca Tilkes
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Public Good Experiment ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Good Experiment ◽  
Random Draw ◽  
Decision Mechanisms ◽  
Group Member

We experimentally compare the consequences for group cooperation of two decision mechanisms involving the extension of group membership. We analyze an exogenous decision (random draw) and an endogenous decision (made by a particular group member) mechanism to extend a temporary agent’s group membership. Our results reveal that the prospect of group membership extension affects not only the temporary but also the permanent group members’ contributions with an endogenous mechanism.

scholarly journals Relative leader-member relationships within group context

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 582-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Abu Bakar ◽  
Leah M. Omilion-Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

Purpose Although the importance of group leader and group member dyadic relationships has been increasingly emphasized, only few studies have focused on the dyadic level analysis of leader–member relationships. By integrating theories of relational leadership and relational dyadic communication among workgroups, the purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical model that links relative leader–member exchange quality (RLMX) and relative leader–member conversation quality (RLMCQ) to group performance, as mediated by group cooperation. Design/methodology/approach The model was tested in a field study with multiple sources, including 232 leader–member dyads and 407 workgroup peer dyads among 70 intact workgroups. Data were collected on-site during paid working hours from four training sessions. Group members were surveyed four times (Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3) and group leaders were surveyed once (Time 4) to minimize common method bias. The hierarchical linear modeling and polynomial regression approach were used to determine the mediating effects of the group cooperation. Findings In this study, the authors found support for indirect effects of relative RLMX and RLMCQ on group performance through the mediating role of group cooperation. Research limitations/implications The cross-sectional design of the current study is to be interpreted with caution, concerning any conclusions about the causal ordering of the variables in the model. Practical implications In organizational situations with group leaders and group members already in high-quality relationships and conversation, management should endeavor to facilitate opportunities for cooperation among group members and a means to also enhance team–member exchange. Originality/value By introducing LMCQ and group member cooperative behavior in workgroups, this study actively respond to the scholars’ warnings that ignoring the workgroup context may hamper the progress in understanding the factors that will inhibit or enhance workgroup behavior.

scholarly journals When Can Every Group Member be Above the Group's Average? The Weighted LOGE Theory of Social Comparison Biases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shir Etgar
Keyword(s):  
Local Group ◽  
Comparative Judgment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Sequential Method ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Individual Group Member ◽  
Group Member ◽  
General Standard

The Non Selective Superiority bias (NSSB) is defined as the tendency to judge each randomly chosen group member from a positive group as better than the other group members from the same group. While this is a reliable and robust bias, its origins are still debated. Internal explanations of the bias posit that NSSB is caused by some distortion in the internal comparisons between the focal group member and the other members of the same group. According to unique attribute theory (Chambers, 2010), NSSB occurs because each individual group member of a positive group is judged according to the dimension that positively distinguishes this individual member from the other members of the same positive group. According to focalism theories (e.g., Moore & Kim, 2003; Posavacet al., 2004), judges focus excessively on the standing of the focal member on the judged quality rather than the corresponding status of the others in the group on the same quality (i.e., "this candidate is highly curious" rather than "this candidate is curious more than other candidates in the short list").Giladi and Klar (2002) proposed an external explanation for the bias, meaning, suggested that the bias occurs due to a distortion that is not related to a comparison between the focal group members. Their approach, LOGE (Local comparisons- General Standards), suggested that in addition to the internal comparison between the judged group member and the others in the local group, a second, simultaneous comparison also takes place. This is a comparison between each judged group member and the general standard, which represents the judge's knowledge and experience about the range of qualities within the larger category that pertains to the judged local group. This external standard is logically irrelevant to the comparison process; however, cognitively, it cannot be avoided. According to LOGE, NSSB is due to the intrusive effect of the external comparison with the general stand pertaining to the judged quality. The original LOGE theory paid no special attention to the relative judgmental weights of the two components (i.e., internal and external; DIFFL and DIFFG) in the resulting comparative judgment. Therefore, it was impossible to draw experimental predictions from the original theory. This dissertation attempts to rectify this issue. This work proposed a better specified version of LOGE which is termed Weighted-LOGE (W-LOGE). In this version, the relative weights of DIFFL and DIFFG can vary. This enables me to test the main LOGE prediction: the greater the judgmental focus is ascribed to DIFFG (rather than to DIFFL), the greater the comparative bias should be. This prediction suggests that when the focus is on the internal commonalities (rather than differences) within the local group, judges are likely to be less preoccupied with within-group comparisons (i.e., DIFFL) and consequently, will be engaged to a greater extent in the external comparison (i.e., DIFFG). W-LOGE will predict that in this case, a greater NSSB will occur. In the first empirical section, we compared this prediction to unique attribute theory's predictions, Across three studies, we found support to the W-LOGE predictions, suggesting that NSSB increasing when group members are similar to each other. The next empirical section compared between W-LOGE and Focalism. This section employed a sequential comparative judgment method, in which each group member was judged in turn against the others in the group. Focalism approaches argued that the origin of NSSB is the neglect of the non-focal group members during the comparative judgment. Therefore, when the focal member role alternates in each comparative judgment from one group member to another, Focalism assume that NSSB should progressively diminish or even totally disappear. Here as well, across three studies, evidence supported W-LOGE theory.In the final experimental section of this work, the sequential method used to directly contrast W-LOGE with both Focalism and unique attribute approaches. If judges repeatedly consider how superior each local group member is compared to the general standard, as seen at the previous section, what will happen when they additionally focus on within-group similarities? W-LOGE predicts that when the focus is on within-group similarities, the pluses of each of the local group members versus the general standards might even bolster the judgments and thus NSSB could even gradually increase with successive judgments. Across three additional study, this prediction was supported. Across these nine studies, which utilized the W-LOGE model, I found support to the experimental predictions draw from the LOGE theory. These studies corroborate the claim that the logically irrelevant comparison of judged group members with an irrelevant general standard is the main cause of NSSB, since the relative judgmental weight assigned to this external comparison regulates the magnitude of the bias.

Exploring by Believing

2021 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-383
Author(s):  
Sara Aronowitz
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epistemic Rationality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Learning Opportunity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Future ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Over Time

Sometimes, we face choices between actions most likely to lead to valuable outcomes, and actions which put us in a better position to learn. These choices exemplify what is called the exploration/exploitation trade-off. In computer science and psychology, this trade-off has fruitfully been applied to modulating the way agents or systems make choices over time. This article extends the trade-off to belief. We can be torn between two ways of believing, one of which is expected to be more accurate in light of current evidence, whereas the other is expected to lead to more learning opportunity and accuracy in the long run. Further, it is sometimes rationally permissible to choose the latter. The article breaks down the features of action which give rise to the trade-off, and then argues that each feature applies equally well to belief. This conclusion is an instance of a systematic, foreseeable way in which what is rational to believe now depends on what one expects to be doing in the future. That is, epistemic rationality fundamentally concerns time.

scholarly journals Learning, exploitation and bias in games

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246588
Author(s):  
John M. McNamara ◽  
Alasdair I. Houston ◽  
Olof Leimar
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Frequency Dependence ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Equilibrium Configuration ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
The Future ◽  
Evolutionary Simulation ◽  
Group Members

We focus on learning during development in a group of individuals that play a competitive game with each other. The game has two actions and there is negative frequency dependence. We define the distribution of actions by group members to be an equilibrium configuration if no individual can improve its payoff by unilaterally changing its action. We show that at this equilibrium, one action is preferred in the sense that those taking the preferred action have a higher payoff than those taking the other, more prosocial, action. We explore the consequences of a simple ‘unbiased’ reinforcement learning rule during development, showing that groups reach an approximate equilibrium distribution, so that some achieve a higher payoff than others. Because there is learning, an individual’s behaviour can influence the future behaviour of others. We show that, as a consequence, there is the potential for an individual to exploit others by influencing them to be the ones to take the non-preferred action. Using an evolutionary simulation, we show that population members can avoid being exploited by over-valuing rewards obtained from the preferred option during learning, an example of a bias that is ‘rational’.

On the role of the dispute between "non-possessors" and "Josephites" in the culture of Moscow's prediction

1998 ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
N. S. Jurtueva
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Transformation ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Secular Power

In the XIV century. centripetal tendencies began to appear in the Moscow principality. Inside the Russian church, several areas were distinguished. Part of the clergy supported the specificobar form. The other understood the need for transformations in society. As a result, this led to a split in the Russian church in the 15th century for "non-possessors" and "Josephites". The former linked the fate of the future with the ideology of hesychasm and its moral transformation, while the latter sought support in alliance with a strong secular power.

‘Newness which never perishes’? Schoenberg’s ambivalent reception of Haydn

2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 215-224
Author(s):  
Alexander Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Music Tradition

This paper explores Arnold Schoenberg’s curious ambivalence towards Haydn. Schoenberg recognized Haydn as an important figure in the German serious music tradition, but never closely examined or clearly articulated Haydn’s influence and import on his own musical style and ethos, as he did with many other major composers. This paper argues that Schoenberg failed to explicitly recognize Haydn as a major influence because he saw Haydn as he saw himself, namely as a somewhat ungainly, paradoxical figure, with one foot in the past and one in the future. In his voluminous writings on music, Haydn is mentioned by Schoenberg far less frequently than Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven, and his music appears rarely as examples in Schoenberg’s theoretical texts. When Schoenberg does talk about Haydn’s music, he invokes — with tacit negativity — its accessibility, counterpoising it with more recondite music, such as Beethoven’s, or his own. On the other hand, Schoenberg also praises Haydn for his complex, irregular phrasing and harmonic exploration. Haydn thus appears in Schoenberg’s writings as a figure invested with ambivalence: a key member of the First Viennese triumvirate, but at the same time he is curiously phantasmal, and is accorded a peripheral place in Schoenberg’s version of the canon and his own musical genealogy.

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