scholarly journals When Can Every Group Member be Above the Group's Average? The Weighted LOGE Theory of Social Comparison Biases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shir Etgar
Keyword(s):  
Local Group ◽  
Comparative Judgment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Sequential Method ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Individual Group Member ◽  
Group Member ◽  
General Standard

The Non Selective Superiority bias (NSSB) is defined as the tendency to judge each randomly chosen group member from a positive group as better than the other group members from the same group. While this is a reliable and robust bias, its origins are still debated. Internal explanations of the bias posit that NSSB is caused by some distortion in the internal comparisons between the focal group member and the other members of the same group. According to unique attribute theory (Chambers, 2010), NSSB occurs because each individual group member of a positive group is judged according to the dimension that positively distinguishes this individual member from the other members of the same positive group. According to focalism theories (e.g., Moore & Kim, 2003; Posavacet al., 2004), judges focus excessively on the standing of the focal member on the judged quality rather than the corresponding status of the others in the group on the same quality (i.e., "this candidate is highly curious" rather than "this candidate is curious more than other candidates in the short list").Giladi and Klar (2002) proposed an external explanation for the bias, meaning, suggested that the bias occurs due to a distortion that is not related to a comparison between the focal group members. Their approach, LOGE (Local comparisons- General Standards), suggested that in addition to the internal comparison between the judged group member and the others in the local group, a second, simultaneous comparison also takes place. This is a comparison between each judged group member and the general standard, which represents the judge's knowledge and experience about the range of qualities within the larger category that pertains to the judged local group. This external standard is logically irrelevant to the comparison process; however, cognitively, it cannot be avoided. According to LOGE, NSSB is due to the intrusive effect of the external comparison with the general stand pertaining to the judged quality. The original LOGE theory paid no special attention to the relative judgmental weights of the two components (i.e., internal and external; DIFFL and DIFFG) in the resulting comparative judgment. Therefore, it was impossible to draw experimental predictions from the original theory. This dissertation attempts to rectify this issue. This work proposed a better specified version of LOGE which is termed Weighted-LOGE (W-LOGE). In this version, the relative weights of DIFFL and DIFFG can vary. This enables me to test the main LOGE prediction: the greater the judgmental focus is ascribed to DIFFG (rather than to DIFFL), the greater the comparative bias should be. This prediction suggests that when the focus is on the internal commonalities (rather than differences) within the local group, judges are likely to be less preoccupied with within-group comparisons (i.e., DIFFL) and consequently, will be engaged to a greater extent in the external comparison (i.e., DIFFG). W-LOGE will predict that in this case, a greater NSSB will occur. In the first empirical section, we compared this prediction to unique attribute theory's predictions, Across three studies, we found support to the W-LOGE predictions, suggesting that NSSB increasing when group members are similar to each other. The next empirical section compared between W-LOGE and Focalism. This section employed a sequential comparative judgment method, in which each group member was judged in turn against the others in the group. Focalism approaches argued that the origin of NSSB is the neglect of the non-focal group members during the comparative judgment. Therefore, when the focal member role alternates in each comparative judgment from one group member to another, Focalism assume that NSSB should progressively diminish or even totally disappear. Here as well, across three studies, evidence supported W-LOGE theory.In the final experimental section of this work, the sequential method used to directly contrast W-LOGE with both Focalism and unique attribute approaches. If judges repeatedly consider how superior each local group member is compared to the general standard, as seen at the previous section, what will happen when they additionally focus on within-group similarities? W-LOGE predicts that when the focus is on within-group similarities, the pluses of each of the local group members versus the general standards might even bolster the judgments and thus NSSB could even gradually increase with successive judgments. Across three additional study, this prediction was supported. Across these nine studies, which utilized the W-LOGE model, I found support to the experimental predictions draw from the LOGE theory. These studies corroborate the claim that the logically irrelevant comparison of judged group members with an irrelevant general standard is the main cause of NSSB, since the relative judgmental weight assigned to this external comparison regulates the magnitude of the bias.

Local Comparisons and General Standards

2019 ◽  
pp. 349-385
Author(s):  
Yechiel Klar
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Relative Standing ◽  
General Standard ◽  
Group Comparisons

Member-to-group comparisons, in which the relative standing of particular group members vis-à-vis the other group members is judged (e.g., how competent is Dan relative to the others in the department? How tasty is this pizza relative to the other pizzas on the counter) are highly prevalent. According to LOGE theory, in making such comparisons, people strike a compromise between the local judgmental standard pertaining to the judged group and the general standard, which refers to the broader parent category. The resultant nonselective superiority and inferiority comparative biases are described, and their generality and robustness are reviewed. The author suggests that the egocentric superiority and inferiority biases in self–others comparisons can be viewed as part of these more general judgmental tendencies.

scholarly journals Preprint: When Does Group Information Influence the Automatic and Deliberate Judgment of Individual Group Members?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayan Navon ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individuating Information

According to some impression formation theories, when people perceive an individual member of a social group, the information about the group is activated more spontaneously and easily than information specific to the individual. Therefore, the judgment of individual group members might be more sensitive to group information (relatively to individuating information) the more automatic (fast, unintentional, and effortless) the judgment is. We tested this premise with a minimalistic impression formation paradigm that provided evaluative information about eight individuals and assigned them to two novel groups. In one group, three members behaved positively, and one member behaved negatively. In the other group, three members behaved negatively and one positively. In seven main experiments and 12 auxiliary experiments, we examined whether people’s automatic (but not deliberate) judgment of the atypical group members would be determined by the valence of the typical behavior in the group (group information) or the valence of the typical behaviors of that person (individuating information). Individuating information had a larger effect on automatic and deliberate evaluation than group information. The relative effect of group information (vs. individuating information) was slightly stronger on automatic than on deliberate judgment. This discrepancy increased when we increased the salience of group membership upon judgment, or when participants belonged to one of the groups. Our findings suggest that, inherently, automatic judgment of individuals is only slightly more biased than deliberate judgment by group information. Yet, under circumstances that are common in everyday life, that bias increases in automatic but not in deliberate judgment.

scholarly journals Reputation of Those Who Cooperate Beyond Group Boundaries: A Comparison of Universalistic and In-Group Favoring Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Wakaba Tateishi ◽  
Hirofumi Hashimoto ◽  
Nobuyuki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Vignette Experiment ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Negative Reputation

It has been suggested by various studies that between-group cooperation is more difficult to achieve than within-group cooperation. To investigate the factors that inhibit between-group cooperation, the reputation of a universalist, who cooperates beyond group boundaries, was considered. If the universalists were to be evaluated negatively, people would hesitate to cooperate beyond group boundaries. To examine this possibility, a comparison was drawn between the evaluation of people who employed the universalistic strategy and those who employed the in-group favoring strategy (who cooperates only with in-group members) by conducting a vignette experiment. In the experiment, participants evaluated two in-group members: one employed the in-group favoring strategy, and the other employed the universalistic strategy. In addition to the type of strategy, a trade-off between what in-group members received and what out-group members received was manipulated. Two studies were conducted by varying the universalistic strategy. The universalistic strategy meant giving resources equally to both group members in Study 1, and it meant maximizing the joint profit between the groups in Study 2. The results across the two studies suggest that the universalistic strategy was evaluated more positively than the in-group favoring strategy, with the exception that the in-group favoring strategy was chosen as the same group member in the future. Whether there was a trade-off had little effect on the evaluations of the two strategies. Consequently, this study suggests that the negative reputation of universalists might not be a factor that inhibited between-group cooperation.

On the Formation of Galaxy Halos: Comparing NGC 5128 and the Local Group Members

2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 3065-3069 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Harris ◽  
Gretchen L. H. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Local Group ◽  
Galaxy Halos ◽  
Group Members

The Afterlives of Violent Images

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 327-354
Author(s):  
Nadia Yaqub
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Violent Images

This article examines the posting of photographs on two Facebook groups created by survivors of the 1976 fall of the Tal al-Zaʾtar refugee camp and their descendants. What happens to photographs as they circulate through these particular social media groups, and what relations do people (including photographed subjects who appear in images of atrocity and trauma) create with such images as they circulate in new ways? How are they mobilized through social media to create and sustain collective memory? I argue that by addressing the yearning to discover, document and sustain networks of affiliation and association on one hand and a shared geography, lost in 1976 and virtually reconstructed through members’ activities on the sites on the other, group members appeal in complex ways to both indexical and iconic qualities of photographs, thereby allowing for the creative engagement with a collective past for the needs of community members in the present.

Effect of Group Heterogeneity on Quality of Task Solutions

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Aamodt ◽  
Wilson W. Kimbrough
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Group Heterogeneity ◽  
Group Members

Subjects were placed into groups on the basis of either trait homogeneity or heterogeneity with the other group members and were given a group task to complete. The results indicated group answers of superior quality when the group was composed of heterogeneous individuals rather than homogeneous individuals.

scholarly journals The European Union's policy on human rights and Chinese sovereignism: The case of Xinjiang

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-86
Author(s):  
Dragan Trailovic
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The One ◽  
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ◽  
Rights Issues ◽  
The Eu

The article explores the European Union's approach to human rights issues in China through the processes of bilateral and multilateral dialogue on human rights between the EU and the People's Republic of China, on the one hand. On the other hand, the paper deals with the analysis of the EU's human rights policy in the specific case of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, which is examined through normative and political activities of the EU, its institutions and individual member states. Besides, the paper examines China's response to the European Union's human rights approaches, in general, but also when it comes to the specific case of UAR Xinjiang. ?his is done through a review of China's discourse and behaviour within the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue framework, but also at the UN level and within the framework of bilateral relations with individual member states. The paper aims to show whether and how the characteristics of the EU's general approach to human rights in China are reflected in the individual case of Xinjiang. Particular attention shall be given to the differentiation of member states in terms of their approach to human rights issues in China, which is conditioned by the discrepancy between their political values, normative interests and ideational factors, on the one hand, and material factors and economic interests, on the other. Also, the paper aims to show the important features of the different views of the European Union and the Chinese state on the very role of Human Rights Dialogue, as well as their different understandings of the concept of human rights itself. The study concluded that the characteristics of the Union's general approach to human rights in China, as well as the different perceptions of human rights issues between China and the EU, were manifested in the same way in the case of UAR Xinjiang.

scholarly journals Neural precursors of future liking and affective reciprocity

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4375-4380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noam Zerubavel ◽  
Mark Anthony Hoffman ◽  
Adam Reich ◽  
Kevin N. Ochsner ◽  
Peter Bearman
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Neural Data ◽  
Social Network Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Predictive Strength ◽  
Group Member

Why do certain group members end up liking each other more than others? How does affective reciprocity arise in human groups? The prediction of interpersonal sentiment has been a long-standing pursuit in the social sciences. We combined fMRI and longitudinal social network data to test whether newly acquainted group members’ reward-related neural responses to images of one another’s faces predict their future interpersonal sentiment, even many months later. Specifically, we analyze associations between relationship-specific valuation activity and relationship-specific future liking. We found that one’s own future (T2) liking of a particular group member is predicted jointly by actor’s initial (T1) neural valuation of partner and by that partner’s initial (T1) neural valuation of actor. These actor and partner effects exhibited equivalent predictive strength and were robust when statistically controlling for each other, both individuals’ initial liking, and other potential drivers of liking. Behavioral findings indicated that liking was initially unreciprocated at T1 yet became strongly reciprocated by T2. The emergence of affective reciprocity was partly explained by the reciprocal pathways linking dyad members’ T1 neural data both to their own and to each other’s T2 liking outcomes. These findings elucidate interpersonal brain mechanisms that define how we ultimately end up liking particular interaction partners, how group members’ initially idiosyncratic sentiments become reciprocated, and more broadly, how dyads evolve. This study advances a flexible framework for researching the neural foundations of interpersonal sentiments and social relations that—conceptually, methodologically, and statistically—emphasizes group members’ neural interdependence.

Sex Differences in Conformity: Status and Gender Role Interpretations

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Carole Chrvala
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Pressure ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Older Males

The experiment examines status and gender role explanations of the tendency for women to conform more than men in group pressure settings. Subjects believed they were assigned to groups containing two males and two females in addition to themselves and received these other group members' opinions, which were represented as deviating from the opinions that subjects had given earlier. Subjects then gave their opinions with the other group members either having or not having surveillance over these opinions. In addition, subjects were required to form impressions of each other's likability or expertise. The findings indicate that subjects' sex and age affected the extent of their conformity. Among older (19 years and older) subjects, females conformed more with surveillance than without it, whereas surveillance did not affect males' conformity. Among younger (under 19 years) subjects, surveillance had no effects. Analysis of sex differences revealed that older females were significantly more conforming than older males when under surveillance as well as when subjects formed impressions of one another's likability. Among younger subjects, there were no sex differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the theories that (a) both sex and age function as status characteristics and (b) gender roles determine conformity.

Pengaruh Daya Tarik Interpersonal terhadap Kohesivitas Kelompok Tani Bawang Merah di Kecamatan Mijen, Kabupaten Demak

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Tri Maulana Sari ◽  
Joko Winarno ◽  
Suminah Suminah
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Cohesiveness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Saturated Sample ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Very High ◽  
Simple Regression

<div class="WordSection1"><p><em><span>Group cohesiveness as a dynamic process that is seen from the interest and attachment of relationships between members is an important thing that must be owned by farmer groups. The cohesiveness of shallot farmer groups in Mijen Sub-district, Demak Regency is influenced by several factors, one of which is interpersonal attractiveness. Cohesive groups make it easier to transfer information. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of interpersonal attractiveness of farmer group members, to examine the level of cohesiveness of farmer groups and to analyze the effect of interpersonal attractiveness on the cohesiveness of the shallot farmer group. The research method used was a saturated sample by taking all groups of shallot farmers in Mijen Sub-district, Demak Regency as samples in the study. Methods of data analysis using descriptive quantitative and simple regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that the level of interpersonal attractiveness of members of the shallot farmer group in Mijen Sub-district, Demak Regency is classified as very high or reaches 46.88%. The level of group cohesiveness is high, reaching 47.70%. Interpersonal attractiveness has a significant effect of 28% on the cohesiveness of farmer groups and the other 72% is influenced by other factors outside the study. Suggestions from the research that has been carried out are to maintain the social activities that have been carried out from the simplest things</span></em><span>.</span></p></div>

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