scholarly journals FAMINE IN THE COUNTRY IN 1921-1922: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Ermukanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Homeless Children ◽  
Civil Strife ◽  
Special Places ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Local Leaders

The article analyzes the causes and consequences of the fact that the country has experienced three famines since the establishment of Soviet power. The policy of "military communism" during the drought of 1921-1922 was a severe blow to agriculture and led to the spread of famine. During the years of civil strife, the fact that a large part of the population's food was taken for free by the state did not go unnoticed. Especially in Uralsk, Orenburg, Kostanay, Bokei, Aktobe provinces, the drought killed a lot of livestock. The locals were starving. The situation of homeless children was dire. Various infectious diseases and deaths have increased in the country. The state of health care in the country was not critical. This was compounded by the recklessness of local leaders in collecting food taxes and the actions of gangs. During the famine, the leadership of the autonomy took a number of measures. Field hunger commissions have been set up. Homelesschildren were placed in orphanages and special places, and even in other republics and foreign countries.The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the United States have provided humanitarian assistance to help end the famine. The effects of the nearly three-year famine were severe. During these years, about 1 million Kazakhs died of starvation.

MISTREATMENT OF THE WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED BY THE ICRC STUDY ON CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 175-219
Author(s):  
James P. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Guardian

AbstractIn 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) completed a ten-year study on customary international humanitarian law, based on an assessment of the State practice of over 150 nations over the preceding thirty years. Somewhat surprisingly, but perhaps owing to the sheer size of theICRC Study, only two states have officially responded to the ICRC: the United States and Israel. Although an analysis of the US response is beyond the scope of this paper, it generally criticizes theICRC Study'sunorthodox methodology, including both the State practice it considered, and its lack of proof ofopinio juris.The ICRC is a venerable organization, traditionally viewed as the guardian of international humanitarian law. Its study is a monumental work compiling a surfeit of State practice. Nevertheless, theICRC Studyarticulates ‘rules’ that are not sustainable under the traditional theory of customary international law formation, as may be seen by the examination in Section 3 of the three seemingly uncontroversial rules proposed for handling the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.

The International Committee of the Red Cross and humanitarian assistance: A policy analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (314) ◽  
pp. 512-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Forsythe
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
World History ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Complex Emergencies ◽  
The Cold War

In today's armed conflicts and complex emergencies more civilians suffer than combatants. After the Cold War one could identify a zone of turmoil in which civilian suffering was acute. But one could also identify a zone of stability from which operated a complicated system of humanitarian assistance designed to respond to civilian suffering. Media coverage emphasized the suffering, but never before in world history had such a kaleidoscope of humanitarian actors tried to provide emergency relief during armed conflicts and complex emergencies. Inevitably calls were heard for better organization and coordination, and in 1991–92 the United Nations created a Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA).

News from Headquarters: New executive structure

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (282) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Humanitarian Work ◽  
Executive Body

At the meeting of its Assembly, on 2 May 1991, the International Committee of the Red Cross decided to set up a single executive body. The decision was prompted by the need to keep pace with the growing complexity of the ICRC's humanitarian work worldwide and to respond with optimum efficiency to the marked expansion in its activities.

News Items

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (29) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
The State ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Indian Government

The International Committee of the Red Cross effected a second visit to the camp of Deoli, in the State of Rajasthan, where the Indian Government, following on the conflict with China, had interned a certain number of Chinese nationals resident in its territory. Mr. Max Stalder, ICRC Delegate, went there on June 25, 1963, where he saw 924 internees, of whom about 300 were on the point of being repatriated to China. He was accompanied by Mr. B. Singh-Paul, delegate of the Indian Red Cross.We would recall that, on December 12, 1962, Mr. Andre Durand, general delegate of the ICRC for Asia, had paid a first visit to that camp.

Chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear events: The humanitarian response framework of the International Committee of the Red Cross

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (899) ◽  
pp. 647-661
Author(s):  
Gregor Malich ◽  
Robin Coupland ◽  
Steve Donnelly ◽  
Johnny Nehme
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Humanitarian Response ◽  
Nuclear Events ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Operational Activities

AbstractMounting an effective international humanitarian response to a chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) event, especially if the response is undertaken on an ad hoc basis, would be extremely difficult and would pose many risks to the responders. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has created a competency-based capacity to respond to at least small-scale CBRN events, including a deployable capability to undertake operational activities. This involves informed assessments of CBRN risks, timely and competent decisions on how to respond, and effectively mobilizing appropriate resources to implement these decisions, through the creation of an emergency roster. In addition to the acquisition of technical expertise and material resources, the creation of such capacity requires the application of central processes, ensuring systematic management of CBRN response (including risk-based decision-making), standing operational procedures, and availability of and access to the necessary resources. Implementation of the ICRC's CBRN response framework as described in this article should be considered by any agency or other stakeholder preparing for international humanitarian assistance in CBRN events – especially if such events are related to armed conflict.

After the tragic end of Mr. John F. Kennedy

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (33) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
National Society ◽  
American Red Cross ◽  
International Review ◽  
The People ◽  
Tragic Event ◽  
Short Time

The International Committee took a sincere part in the tragic event which was mourned on November 22, 1963 by the people of the United States and by the American Red Cross. Mr. John F. Kennedy was not only President of the United States, he was also Honorary President of the National Society to which a short time ago, on the occasion of the Centenary of the Red Cross, he addressed a message which was published in the International Review. One will also recall the stirring message full of confidence which he sent this September to the Centenary Congress of the International Red Cross in Geneva.

The International Committee of the Red Cross in Afghanistan: reasserting the neutrality of humanitarian action

2011 ◽  
Vol 93 (881) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Terry
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Cast Doubt

AbstractNeutrality as a guiding principle of humanitarian action was roundly rejected by most actors in Afghanistan's latest conflict. One party to the conflict commandeered assistance and aid organizations into a counter-insurgency campaign, and the other rejected Western aid organizations as agents of an imperialist West. The murder in 2003 of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) water engineer Ricardo Munguia, because of what he symbolized, cast doubt on whether the ICRC could be perceived as neutral in this highly polarized context. Rather than abandon a neutral stance, however, as so many aid organizations did, the ICRC persevered and, through some innovative and sometimes risky initiatives, managed to show both sides the benefits of having a neutral intermediary in conflict. Today, the ICRC continues to expand its reach to Afghans in dire need of humanitarian assistance.

The activity of the International Tracing Service

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 503-504
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
German Federal Republic ◽  
World War ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
Second World ◽  
Italian National Institute

The International Commission of the ITS (International Tracing Service), which consists of representatives of the Governments of Belgium, France, German Federal Republic, Great Britain, Greece, Israel, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands and the United States, held its 25th meeting on October 30, under the presidency of the Italian delegate, Mr. Paolucci. This meeting took place at the Italian National Institute of Cologne, in the presence of the Directors of the ITS, Mr. Nicolas Burckhardt and of a representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Mr. Claude Pilloud, Assistant Director for General Affairs. It should be recalled that the International Tracing Service possesses immense archives and a great number of card-indexes concerning the fate of persons who had been deported, displaced or missing during the Second World War in Germany and in the countries then occupied by the German forces. Since 1955 the ICRC has been responsible for running this important information centre.

ICRC Financial Position in 1971

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (137) ◽  
pp. 443-460
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Government

Two events had a considerable impact on the ICRC's financial position in 1971:(a) The message which the Swiss Federal Council addressed to the Federal Assembly, on 8 September 1971, regarding the Confederation's contributions to the International Committee of the Red Cross;(b) Payment by the Government of the United States of America of an extraordinary contribution of 1 million dollars, on 29 June 1971.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document