scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Measurement Report: Online Measurement of Gas-Phase Nitrated Phenols Utilizing CI-LToF-MS: Primary Sources and Secondary Formation"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Song ◽  
Song Guo ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Ying Yu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Online Measurement ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Measurement report: Online measurement of gas-phase nitrated phenols utilizing a CI-LToF-MS: primary sources and secondary formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 7917-7932
Author(s):  
Kai Song ◽  
Song Guo ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Ying Yu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Phenoxy Radical ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
Non Negative Matrix Factorization

Abstract. To investigate the composition, variation, and sources of nitrated phenols (NPs) in the winter of Beijing, gas-phase NPs were measured by a chemical ionization long time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-LToF-MS). A box model was applied to simulate the secondary formation process of NPs. In addition, the primary sources of NPs were resolved by a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) model. Our results showed that secondary formation contributed 38 %, 9 %, 5 %, 17 %, and almost 100 % of the nitrophenol (NP), methyl-nitrophenol (MNP), dinitrophenol (DNP), methyl-dinitrophenol (MDNP or DNOC), and dimethyl-nitrophenol (DMNP) concentrations. The phenol–OH reaction was the predominant loss pathway (46.7 %) during the heavy pollution episode, which produced the phenoxy radical (C6H5O). The phenoxy radical consequently reacted with NO2 and produced nitrophenol. By estimating the primarily emitted phenol from the ratio of phenol/CO from freshly emitted vehicle exhaust, this study proposed that oxidation of primary phenol contributes much more nitrophenol (37 %) than that from benzene oxidation (<1 %) in the winter of Beijing. The latter pathway was widely used in models and might lead to great uncertainties. The source apportionment results by NMF indicated the importance of combustion sources (>50 %) to the gas-phase NPs. The industry source contributed 30 % and 9 % to DNP and MDNP, respectively, which was non-negligible. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis demonstrated that regional transport from provinces that surround the Yellow and Bohai seas contributed more primary NPs to Beijing. Both primary sources and secondary formation at either local or regional scale should be considered when making control policies of NPs.

scholarly journals Measurement Report: Online Measurement of Gas-Phase Nitrated Phenols Utilizing CI-LToF-MS: Primary Sources and Secondary Formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Song ◽  
Song Guo ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Ying Yu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Phenoxy Radical ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Heavy Pollution ◽  
Non Negative Matrix Factorization

Abstract. To investigate the composition, variation, and sources of nitrated phenols (NPs) in the winter of Beijing, gas-phase NPs were measured by using a chemical ionization long time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-LToF-MS). A box model was applied to simulate the secondary formation process of NPs. In addition, the primary sources of NPs were resolved by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) model. Our results showed that secondary formation contributed 38 %, 9 %, 5 %, 17 % and almost 100 % of the ambient nitrophenol (NP), methyl-nitrophenol (MNP), dinitrophenol (DNP), methyl-dinitrophenol (MDNP or DNOC), and dimethyl-nitrophenol (DMNP). Phenol-OH reaction was the predominant loss pathway (46.7  %) during the heavy pollution episode, which produced phenoxy radical (C6H5O). The phenoxy radical consequently reacted with NO2, and produced nitrophenol. By estimating the primarily emitted phenol from the ratio of phenol/CO from freshly emitted vehicle exhaust, this study proposed that oxidation of primary phenol contributes much more nitrophenol (37 %) than that from benzene oxidation ( 50 %) to the gas-phase NPs. The industry source contributed 30 % and 9 % to DNP and MDNP, respectively, which was non-negligible. The concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis demonstrated that regional transport from provinces that surround the Yellow and Bohai Seas contributed more primary NPs to Beijing. Both primary sources and secondary formation in either local or regional scale should be considered when making NPs control policies.

scholarly journals Secondary formation of nitrated phenols: insights from observations during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS) 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (20) ◽  
pp. 28659-28697 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yuan ◽  
J. Liggio ◽  
J. Wentzell ◽  
S.-M. Li ◽  
H. Stark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Reactions ◽  
Box Model ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Online Measurements

Abstract. We describe the results from online measurements of nitrated phenols using a time of flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) with acetate as reagent ion in an oil and gas production region in January and February of 2014. Strong diurnal profiles were observed for nitrated phenols, with concentration maxima at night. Based on known markers (CH4, NOx, CO2), primary emissions of nitrated phenols were not important in this study. A box model was used to simulate secondary formation of phenol, nitrophenol (NP) and dinitrophenols (DNP). The box model results indicate that oxidation of aromatics in the gas phase can explain the observed concentrations of NP and DNP in this study. Photolysis was the most efficient loss pathway for NP in the gas phase. We show that aqueous-phase reactions and heterogeneous reactions were minor sources of nitrated phenols in our study. This study demonstrates that the emergence of new ToF-CIMS (including PTR-TOF) techniques allows for the measurement of intermediate oxygenates at low levels and these measurements improve our understanding of the evolution of primary VOCs in the atmosphere.

Diamondiferous lamproites of Ingashi field, Siberian craton

2021 ◽  
pp. SP513-2020-274
Author(s):  
S. I. Kostrovitsky ◽  
D. A. Yakovlev ◽  
I. S. Sharygin ◽  
D. P. Gladkochub ◽  
T. V. Donskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Siberian Craton ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Ultramafic Lamprophyre ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Supplementary Material

AbstractIngashi lamproite dykes are the only known primary sources of diamond in the Irkutsk district (Russia) and the only non-kimberlitic one in the Siberian craton. Ingashi lamproite field placed in Urik-Iya graben within Prisayan uplift of Siberian craton. Phlogopite-olivine lamproites contain olivine, talc, phlogopite, serpentine, chlorite, olivine, garnet, chromite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene as well as Sr-F-apatite, monazite, zircon, armolcolite, priderite, potassium Mg-arfvedsonite, Mn-ilmenite, Nb-rutile, and diamond. The only one ultramafic lamprophyre dyke is composed mainly of serpentinized olivine and phlogopite in the talc-carbonate groundmass and similar (to Ingashi lamproites) accessory assemblage with the same major elements compositions. Trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic relationships of the Ingashi lamproites are similar to classic lamproites. Different dating methods have provided the ages of lamproites: 1481 Ma (Ar-Ar phlogopite), 1268 Ma (Rb-Sr whole rock) and 300 Ma (U-Pb zircon). Ingashi lamproite ages are controversial and require additional study. Calculated pressure of 3.5 GPamax for clinopyroxenes indicating that lamproite magma originated deeper than 100 km. Cr-in-garnet barometer (Grutter et al., 2006) shows a 3.7-4.3 GPamin and derivation of Ingashi lamproites deeper than 120 km depth. Based on the range of typical cratonic geotherms and presence of diamonds, the Ingashi lamproite magma originated at a depth greater than 155 km.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5493128

Primary Sources and Secondary Formation of Organic Aerosols in Beijing, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (18) ◽  
pp. 9846-9853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Guo ◽  
Min Hu ◽  
Qingfeng Guo ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Mei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Beijing China

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "High gas-phase mixing ratios of formic and acetic acid in the High Arctic"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma L. Mungall ◽  
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt ◽  
Jeremy J. B. Wentzell ◽  
Gregory R. Wentworth ◽  
Jennifer G. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Phase Mixing ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Supplementary Material
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