scholarly journals Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 8573-8585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
M. Shao ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
Y. Wei ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Coal Burning ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract. Fine particles (PM2.5, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) were collected from the air in August 2005, August–September 2006, and January–February 2007, in Beijing, China. The chemical compositions of particulate organic matter in the ambient samples were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dominant compounds identified in summertime were n-alkanoic acids, followed by dicarboxylic acids and sugars, while sugars became the most abundant species in winter, followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, and n-alkanoic acids. The contributions of seven emission sources (i.e., gasoline/diesel vehicles, coal burning, wood/straw burning, cooking, and vegetative detritus) to particulate organic matter in PM2.5 were estimated using a chemical mass balance receptor model. The model results present the seasonal trends of source contributions to organic aerosols. Biomass burning (straw and wood) had the highest contribution in winter, followed by coal burning, vehicle exhaust, and cooking. The contribution of cooking was the highest in summer, followed by vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, while coal smoke showed only a minor contribution to ambient organic carbon.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9043-9080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
M. Shao ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
Y. Wei ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Coal Burning ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract. Fine particles (PM2.5, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) were collected from the air in August 2006, August–September 2006, and January–February 2007, in Beijing, China. Particulate organic matter in the ambient samples was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dominant compounds identified in summertime were n-alkanoic acids, followed by dicarboxylic acids and sugars, while sugars became the most abundant species in winter, followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, and n-alkanoic acids. The contributions of seven emission sources (i.e., gasoline/diesel vehicles, coal burning, wood/straw burning, cooking, and vegetative detritus) to particulate organic matter in PM2.5 were estimated using a chemical mass balance receptor model. The model runs the present seasonal trends regarding the contributions of various sources to organic aerosols. Biomass burning (straw and wood) had the highest contribution in winter, followed by coal burning, vehicle exhaust, and cooking. The contribution of cooking was the highest in summer, followed by vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, while coal smoke showed only a minor contribution to ambient organic carbon.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurements of Chemical Compositions of Fine Particles during Winter Haze Period in Urban Sites in China and Korea

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhan Park ◽  
Yujue Wang ◽  
Jihyo Chong ◽  
Haebum Lee ◽  
Jiho Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Combustion Sources ◽  
Burning Coal

We performed simultaneous measurements of chemical compositions of fine particles in Beijing, China and Gwangju, Korea to better understand their sources during winter haze period. We identified PM2.5 events in Beijing, possibly caused by a combination of multiple primary combustion sources (biomass burning, coal burning, and vehicle emissions) and secondary aerosol formation under stagnant conditions and/or dust sources under high wind speeds. During the PM2.5 events in Gwangju, the contribution of biomass burning and secondary formation of nitrate and organics to the fine particles content significantly increased under stagnant conditions. We commonly observed the increases of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and biomass burning inorganic (K+) and organic (levoglucosan) markers, suggesting the importance of biomass burning sources during the winter haze events (except dust event cases) at both sites. Pb isotope ratios indicated that the fraction of Pb originated from possibly industry and coal combustion sources increased during the PM2.5 events in Gwangju, relative to nonevent days.

scholarly journals Evaluating simulated primary anthropogenic and biomass burning organic aerosols during MILAGRO: implications for assessing treatments of secondary organic aerosols

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 6191-6215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fast ◽  
A. C. Aiken ◽  
J. Allan ◽  
L. Alexander ◽  
T. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Matrix Factorization ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Positive Matrix Factorization ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Positive Matrix ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
The City

Abstract. Simulated primary organic aerosols (POA), as well as other particulates and trace gases, in the vicinity of Mexico City are evaluated using measurements collected during the 2006 Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) field campaigns. Since the emission inventories, transport, and turbulent mixing will directly affect predictions of total organic matter and consequently total particulate matter, our objective is to assess the uncertainties in predicted POA before testing and evaluating the performance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) treatments. Carbon monoxide (CO) is well simulated on most days both over the city and downwind, indicating that transport and mixing processes were usually consistent with the meteorological conditions observed during MILAGRO. Predicted and observed elemental carbon (EC) in the city was similar, but larger errors occurred at remote locations since the overall CO/EC emission ratios in the national emission inventory were lower than in the metropolitan emission inventory. Components of organic aerosols derived from Positive Matrix Factorization of data from several Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer instruments deployed both at ground sites and on research aircraft are used to evaluate the model. Modeled POA was consistently lower than the measured organic matter at the ground sites, which is consistent with the expectation that SOA should be a large fraction of the total organic matter mass. A much better agreement was found when modeled POA was compared with the sum of "primary anthropogenic" and "biomass burning" components derived from Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) on most days, especially at the surface sites, suggesting that the overall magnitude of primary organic particulates released was reasonable. However, simulated POA from anthropogenic sources was often lower than "primary anthropogenic" components derived from PMF, consistent with two recent reports that these emissions are underestimated. The modeled POA was greater than the total observed organic matter when the aircraft flew directly downwind of large fires, suggesting that biomass burning emission estimates from some large fires may be too high.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing with radiocarbon and organic tracers: insight into the differences between urban and rural sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 8273-8292
Author(s):  
Siqi Hou ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
Tuan V. Vu ◽  
Xuefang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol is a dominant component of fine particles in Beijing. However, it is challenging to apportion its sources. Here, we applied a newly developed method which combined radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to apportion the sources of fine carbonaceous particles at an urban (IAP) and a rural (PG) site of Beijing. PM2.5 filter samples (24 h) were collected at both sites from 10 November to 11 December 2016 and from 22 May to 24 June 2017. 14C was determined in 25 aerosol samples (13 at IAP and 12 at PG) representing low pollution to haze conditions. Biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) in the samples were also determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Higher contributions of fossil-derived OC (OCf) were found at the urban site. The OCf / OC ratio decreased in the summer samples (IAP: 67.8 ± 4.0 % in winter and 54.2 ± 11.7 % in summer; PG: 59.3 ± 5.7 % in winter and 50.0 ± 9.0 % in summer) due to less consumption of coal in the warm season. A novel extended Gelencsér (EG) method incorporating the 14C and organic tracer data was developed to estimate the fossil and non-fossil sources of primary and secondary OC (POC and SOC). It showed that fossil-derived POC was the largest contributor to OC (35.8 ± 10.5 % and 34.1 ± 8.7 % in wintertime for IAP and PG, 28.9 ± 7.4 % and 29.1 ± 9.4 % in summer), regardless of season. SOC contributed 50.0 ± 12.3 % and 47.2 ± 15.5 % at IAP and 42.0 ± 11.7 % and 43.0 ± 13.4 % at PG in the winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, within which the fossil-derived SOC was predominant and contributed more in winter. The non-fossil fractions of SOC increased in summer due to a larger biogenic component. Concentrations of biomass burning OC (OCbb) are resolved by the extended Gelencsér method, with average contributions (to total OC) of 10.6 ± 1.7 % and 10.4 ± 1.5 % in winter at IAP and PG and 6.5 ± 5.2 % and 17.9 ± 3.5 % in summer, respectively. Correlations of water-insoluble OC (WINSOC) and water-soluble OC (WSOC) with POC and SOC showed that although WINSOC was the major contributor to POC, a non-negligible fraction of WINSOC was found in SOC for both fossil and non-fossil sources, especially during winter. In summer, a greater proportion of WSOC from non-fossil sources was found in SOC. Comparisons of the source apportionment results with those obtained from a chemical mass balance model were generally good, except for the cooking aerosol.

scholarly journals Molecular markers of biomass burning and primary biological aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution and seasonal variation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofeng Xu ◽  
Lujie Ren ◽  
Yunchao Lang ◽  
Shengjie Hou ◽  
Hong Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Urban Aerosols ◽  
Biological Aerosols ◽  
Haze Pollution

Abstract. Biomass burning and primary biological aerosol particles account for an important part of urban aerosols. Floods of studies have been conducted on the chemical compositions of fine aerosols (PM2.5) in megacities where the haze pollution is one of the severe environmental issues in China. However, little is known about their size distributions in atmospheric aerosols in the urban boundary layer. Here, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in Beijing during haze and clear days from April 2017 to January 2018. Three anhydrosugars, six primary saccharides and four sugar alcohols in these samples were identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Higher concentrations of a biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, were detected in autumn and winter than other seasons. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, mannitol and arabitol were more abundant in the bloom and glowing seasons. Particularly high level of trehalose was found in spring, which was largely associated with the Asian dust outflows. Anhydrosugars, xylose, maltose, inositol and erythritol are mainly existed in the fine mode ( 2.1 μm) between the haze and non-haze samples, while a size shift towards large particles and large GMDs in the fine fraction ( 5.8 μm. Our observations demonstrate that the sources, abundance, and chemical composition of urban aerosol particles are strongly size dependant in Beijing, which are important to better understand their environmental and health effects of urban aerosols and should be considered in air quality and climate models.

scholarly journals Molecular fingerprinting of particulate organic matter as a new tool for its source apportionment: changes along a headwater drainage in coarse, medium and fine particles as a function of rainfalls

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Jeanneau ◽  
Richard Rowland ◽  
Shreeram Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Molecular Fingerprinting ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Molecular Fingerprint ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
Chemical Biomarkers

Abstract. Tracking the sources of particulate organic matter (POM) exported from catchments is important to understand the transfer of energy from soils to oceans. The suitability of investigating the molecular composition of POM by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation using tetramethylammonium hydroxide directly coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is presented. The results of this molecular-fingerprint approach were compared with previously published elemental (% C, % N) and isotopic data (δ13C, δ15N) acquired in a nested headwater catchment in the Piedmont region, eastern United States of America (12 and 79 ha). The concordance between these results highlights the effectiveness of this molecular tool as a valuable method for source fingerprinting of POM. It emphasizes litter as the main source of exported POM at the upstream location (80±14 %), with an increasing proportion of streambed (SBed) sediment remobilization downstream (42 ± 29 %), specifically during events characterized by high rainfall amounts. At the upstream location, the source of POM seems to be controlled by the maximum and median hourly rainfall intensity. An added value of this method is to directly investigate chemical biomarkers and to mine their distributions in terms of biogeochemical functioning of an ecosystem. In this catchment, the distribution of plant-derived biomarkers characterizing lignin, cutin and suberin inputs were similar in SBed and litter, while the proportion of microbial markers was 4 times higher in SBed than in litter. These results indicate that SBed OM was largely from plant litter that has been processed by the aquatic microbial community.

scholarly journals Receptor modelling of fine particles in southern England using CMB including comparison with AMS-PMF factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 2139-2158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yin ◽  
S. A. Cumberland ◽  
R. M. Harrison ◽  
J. Allan ◽  
D. E. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Source Contribution ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Biogenic Source

Abstract. PM2.5 was collected during a winter campaign at two southern England sites, urban background North Kensington (NK) and rural Harwell (HAR), in January–February 2012. Multiple organic and inorganic source tracers were analysed and used in a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model, which apportioned seven separate primary sources, that explained on average 53% (NK) and 56% (HAR) of the organic carbon (OC), including traffic, woodsmoke, food cooking, coal combustion, vegetative detritus, natural gas and dust/soil. With the addition of source tracers for secondary biogenic aerosol at the NK site, 79% of organic carbon was accounted for. Secondary biogenic sources were represented by oxidation products of α-pinene and isoprene, but only the former made a substantial contribution to OC. Particle source contribution estimates for PM2.5 mass were obtained by the conversion of the OC estimates and combining with inorganic components ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and sea salt. Good mass closure was achieved with 81% (92% with the addition of the secondary biogenic source) and 83% of the PM2.5 mass explained at NK and HAR respectively, with the remainder being secondary organic matter. While the most important sources of OC are vehicle exhaust (21 and 16%) and woodsmoke (15 and 28%) at NK and HAR respectively, food cooking emissions are also significant, particularly at the urban NK site (11% of OC), in addition to the secondary biogenic source, only measured at NK, which represented about 26%. In comparison, the major source components for PM2.5 at NK and HAR are inorganic ammonium salts (51 and 56%), vehicle exhaust emissions (8 and 6%), secondary biogenic (10% measured at NK only), woodsmoke (4 and 7%) and sea salt (7 and 8%), whereas food cooking (4 and 1%) showed relatively smaller contributions to PM2.5. Results from the CMB model were compared with source contribution estimates derived from the AMS-PMF method. The overall mass of organic matter accounted for is rather similar for the two methods. However, appreciably different concentrations were calculated for the individual primary organic matter contributions, although for most source categories the CMB and AMS-PMF results were highly correlated (r2 = 0.69–0.91). In comparison with the CMB model, the AMS appears to overestimate the biomass burning/coal and food cooking sources by a factor of around 1.5 to 2 while estimates of the traffic source are rather similar for each model. The largest divergence is in the primary/secondary organic matter split, with the AMS estimating an appreciably smaller secondary component. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, but despite these substantial divergences, the strong correlation of the two methods gives some confidence in their application.

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