scholarly journals Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite datasets

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 29203-29261 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Miyazaki ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
K. Sudo ◽  
C. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
No Production ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Height Dependence ◽  
Multiple Chemical

Abstract. The global source of lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) is estimated by assimilating observations of NO2, O3, HNO3, and CO measured by multiple satellite measurements. Included are observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments. The assimilation of multiple chemical datasets with different vertical sensitivity profiles provides comprehensive constraints on the global LNOx source while improving the representations of the entire chemical system affecting atmospheric NOx, including surface emissions and inflows from the stratosphere. The annual global LNOx source amount and NO production efficiency are estimated at 6.3 Tg N yr−1 and 350 mol NO flash−1, respectively. Sensitivity studies with perturbed satellite datasets, model and data assimilation settings leads to an error estimate of about 1.4 Tg N yr−1 on this global LNOx source. These estimates are significantly different from those derived from NO2 observations alone, which may lead to an overestimate of the source adjustment. The total LNOx source is predominantly corrected by the assimilation of OMI NO2 observations, while TES and MLS observations add important constraints on the vertical source profile. The results indicate that the widely used lightning parameterization based on the C-shape assumption underestimates the source in the upper troposphere and overestimates the peak source height by up to about 1 km over land and the tropical western Pacific. Adjustments are larger over ocean than over land, suggesting that the cloud height dependence is too weak over the ocean in the Price and Rind (1992) approach. The significantly improved agreement between the analysed ozone fields and independent observations gives confidence in the performance of the LNOx source estimation.

scholarly journals Global lightning NO<sub>x</sub> production estimated by an assimilation of multiple satellite data sets

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 3277-3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Miyazaki ◽  
H. J. Eskes ◽  
K. Sudo ◽  
C. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
No Production ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Independent Observations ◽  
Sensitivity Studies

Abstract. The global source of lightning-produced NOx (LNOx) is estimated by assimilating observations of NO2, O3, HNO3, and CO measured by multiple satellite measurements into a chemical transport model. Included are observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instruments. The assimilation of multiple chemical data sets with different vertical sensitivity profiles provides comprehensive constraints on the global LNOx source while improving the representations of the entire chemical system affecting atmospheric NOx, including surface emissions and inflows from the stratosphere. The annual global LNOx source amount and NO production efficiency are estimated at 6.3 Tg N yr−1 and 310 mol NO flash−1, respectively. Sensitivity studies with perturbed satellite data sets, model and data assimilation settings lead to an error estimate of about 1.4 Tg N yr−1 on this global LNOx source. These estimates are significantly different from those estimated from a parameter inversion that optimizes only the LNOx source from NO2 observations alone, which may lead to an overestimate of the source adjustment. The total LNOx source is predominantly corrected by the assimilation of OMI NO2 observations, while TES and MLS observations add important constraints on the vertical source profile. The results indicate that the widely used lightning parameterization based on the C-shape assumption underestimates the source in the upper troposphere and overestimates the peak source height by up to about 1 km over land and the tropical western Pacific. Adjustments are larger over ocean than over land, suggesting that the cloud height dependence is too weak over the ocean in the Price and Rind (1992) approach. The significantly improved agreement between the analyzed ozone fields and independent observations gives confidence in the performance of the LNOx source estimation.

scholarly journals Estimates of lightning NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> production based on high-resolution OMI NO<sub>2</sub> retrievals over the continental US

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1709-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Yan Yin ◽  
Ronald van der A ◽  
Jeff L. Lapierre ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Total Lightning

Abstract. Lightning serves as the dominant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) in the upper troposphere (UT), with a strong impact on ozone chemistry and the hydroxyl radical production. However, the production efficiency (PE) of lightning nitrogen oxides (LNOx) is still quite uncertain (32–1100 mol NO per flash). Satellite measurements are a powerful tool to estimate LNOx directly compared to conventional platforms. To apply satellite data in both clean and polluted regions, a new algorithm for calculating LNOx has been developed that uses the Berkeley High-Resolution (BEHR) v3.0B NO2 retrieval algorithm and the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). LNOx PE over the continental US is estimated using the NO2 product of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) data and the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) data. Focusing on the summer season during 2014, we find that the lightning NO2 (LNO2) PE is 32±15 mol NO2 per flash and 6±3 mol NO2 per stroke while LNOx PE is 90±50 mol NOx per flash and 17±10 mol NOx per stroke. Results reveal that our method reduces the sensitivity to the background NO2 and includes much of the below-cloud LNO2. As the LNOx parameterization varies in studies, the sensitivity of our calculations to the setting of the amount of lightning NO (LNO) is evaluated. Careful consideration of the ratio of LNO2 to NO2 is also needed, given its large influence on the estimation of LNO2 PE.

scholarly journals Estimates of Lightning NO<sub>x</sub> Production based on High Resolution OMI NO<sub>2</sub> Retrievals over the Continental US

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Yan Yin ◽  
Ronald van der A ◽  
Jeff L. Lapierre ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Total Lightning

Abstract. Lightning serves as the dominant source of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) in the upper troposphere (UT), with strong impact on ozone chemistry and the hydroxyl radical production. However, the production efficiency (PE) of lightning nitrogen oxides (LNOx) is still quite uncertain (32–1100 mol NO per flash). Satellites measurements are a powerful tool to estimate LNOx directly as compared to conventional platforms. To apply satellite data in both clean and polluted regions, a new algorithm for calculating LNOx has been developed based on the program of new Berkeley High Resolution (BEHR) v3.0B NO2 product and the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. LNOx PE over the continental US is estimated using the NO2 product of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite and the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) data. Focusing on the summer season during 2014, we find that the lightning NO2 (LNO2) PE is 44 ± 16 mol NO2 flash-1 and 8 ± 3 mol NO2 stroke-1 while LNOx PE is 120 ± 52 mol NOx flash-1 and 22 ± 9 mol NOx stroke-1. Results reveal that former methods are more sensitive to background NO2 and neglect much of the below-cloud LNO2. As the LNOx parameterization varies in studies, the sensitivity of our calculations to the setting of the amount of lightning NO (LNO) is evaluated. Careful consideration of the ratio of LNO2 to NO2 is also needed, given its large influence on the estimation of LNO2 PE.

scholarly journals Constraints on Asian ozone using Aura TES, OMI and Terra MOPITT

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jiang ◽  
J. R. Worden ◽  
D. B. A. Jones ◽  
J.-T. Lin ◽  
W. W. Verstraeten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Time Period

Abstract. Rapid industrialization in Asia in the last two decades has resulted in a significant increase in Asian ozone (O3) precursor emissions with likely a corresponding increase in the export of O3 and its precursors. However, the relationship between this increasing O3, the chemical environment, O3 production efficiency, and the partitioning between anthropogenic and natural precursors is unclear. In this work, we use satellite measurements of O3, CO and NO2 from TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer), MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) to quantify O3 precursor emissions for 2006 and their impact on free tropospheric O3 over northeastern Asia, where pollution is typically exported globally due to strong westerlies. Using the GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry) global chemical transport model, we test the modeled seasonal and interannual variation of O3 based on prior and updated O3 precursor emissions where the updated emissions of CO and NOx are based on satellite measurements of CO and NO2. We show that the observed TES O3 variability and amount are consistent with the model for these updated emissions. However, there is little difference in the modeled ozone between the updated and prior emissions. For example, for the 2006 June time period, the prior and posterior NOx emissions were 14% different over China but the modeled ozone in the free troposphere was only 2.5% different. Using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem we partition the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to free troposphere O3 in this region. We find that the influence of lightning NOx in the summer is comparable to the contribution from surface emissions but smaller for other seasons. China is the primary contributor of anthropogenic CO, emissions and their export during the summer. While the posterior CO emissions improved the comparison between model and TES by 32%, on average, this change also had only a small effect on the free tropospheric ozone. Our results show that the influence of India and southeastern Asia emissions on O3 pollution export to the northwestern Pacific is sizeable, comparable with Chinese emissions in winter, about 50% of Chinese emissions in spring and fall, and approximately 20% of the emissions in the summer.

scholarly journals Constraints on Asian ozone using Aura TES, OMI and Terra MOPITT

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 19515-19544
Author(s):  
Z. Jiang ◽  
J. R. Worden ◽  
D. B. A. Jones ◽  
J. T. Lin ◽  
W. W. Verstraeten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
North East ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lightning Nox

Abstract. Rapid industrialization in Asia in the last two decades has resulted in a significant increase in Asian ozone (O3) pre-cursor emissions with likely a corresponding increase in the export of O3 and its pre-cursors. However, the relationship between this increasing O3, the chemical environment, O3 production efficiency, and the partitioning between anthropogenic and natural precursors is unclear. In this work, we use satellite measurements of O3, CO and NO2 from TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer), MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere) and OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) to quantify O3 pre-cursor emissions for 2006 and their impact on free-tropospheric O3 over North-East Asia, where pollution is typically exported globally due to strong westerlies. Using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model, we show that the modeled seasonal variation of O3 based on these updated O3 pre-cursor emissions is consistent with the observed O3 variability and amount, after accounting for known biases in the TES O3 data. Using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem we then partition the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources to free troposphere O3 in this region. We find that the influence of lightning NOx is important in summer. The contribution from anthropogenic NOx is dominant in other seasons. China is the major contributor of anthropogenic VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), whereas the influence of biogenic VOCs is mainly from Southeast Asia. Our result shows that the influence of India and Southeast Asia emissions on O3 pollution export is significant, comparable with Chinese emisisons in winter and about 50% of Chinese emissions in other seasons.

scholarly journals Ozone mixing ratios inside tropical deep convective clouds from OMI satellite measurements

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 16381-16407
Author(s):  
J. R. Ziemke ◽  
J. Joiner ◽  
S. Chandra ◽  
P. K. Bhartia ◽  
A. Vasilkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radar Data ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Deep Convective Clouds ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Oceanic Boundary Layer ◽  
Column Ozone

Abstract. We have developed a new technique for estimating ozone mixing ratio inside deep convective clouds. The technique uses the concept of an optical centroid cloud pressure that is indicative of the photon path inside clouds. Radiative transfer calculations based on realistic cloud vertical structure as provided by CloudSat radar data show that because deep convective clouds are optically thin near the top, photons can penetrate significantly inside the cloud. This photon penetration coupled with in-cloud scattering produces optical centroid pressures that are hundreds of hPa inside the cloud. We use the measured column ozone and the optical centroid cloud pressure derived using the effects of rotational-Raman scattering to estimate O3 mixing ratio in the upper regions of deep convective clouds. The data are obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard NASA's Aura satellite. Our results show that low O3 concentrations in these clouds are a common occurrence throughout much of the tropical Pacific. Ozonesonde measurements in the tropics following convective activity also show very low concentrations of O3 in the upper troposphere. These low amounts are attributed to vertical injection of ozone poor oceanic boundary layer air during convection into the upper troposphere followed by convective outflow. Over South America and Africa, O3 mixing ratio inside deep convective clouds often exceeds 50 ppbv which is comparable to mean background (cloud-free) concentrations. These areas contain higher amounts of ozone precursors due to biomass burning and lightning. Assuming that O3 is well mixed (i.e. constant mixing ratio with height) up to the tropopause, we can estimate the stratospheric column O3 over clouds. Stratospheric column ozone derived in this manner agrees well with that retrieved independently with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument and thus provides a consistency check of our method.

scholarly journals Consistency between GRUAN sondes, LBLRTM and IASI

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Calbet ◽  
Niobe Peinado-Galan ◽  
Pilar Ripodas ◽  
Tim Trent ◽  
Ruud Dirksen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Water Vapour Absorption ◽  
Reference Measurements ◽  
Dry Bias

Abstract. Radiosonde soundings from the GRUAN data record are shown to be consistent with IASI measured radiances via the LBLRTM radiative transfer model in the part of the spectrum that is mostly affected by water vapour absorption in the upper troposphere (from 700 hPa up). This result is key to have consistency between radiosonde and satellite measurements for climate data records, since GRUAN, IASI and LBLRTM constitute reference measurements in each of their fields. This is specially the case for night time radiosonde measurements. Although the sample size is small (16 cases), day time GRUAN radiosonde measurements seem to have a small dry bias of 2.5 % in absolute terms of relative humidity, located mainly in the upper troposphere, with respect to LBLRTM and IASI.

scholarly journals Estimating Brewer-Dobson circulation trends from changes in stratospheric water vapour and methane

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubov Poshyvailo-Strube ◽  
Rolf Müller ◽  
Stephan Fueglistaler ◽  
Michaela I. Hegglin ◽  
Johannes C. Laube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Meridional Overturning ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour

Abstract. The stratospheric meridional overturning circulation, also referred to as the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC), controls the composition of the stratosphere, which, in turn, affects radiation and climate. As the BDC cannot be directly measured, one has to infer its strength and trends indirectly. For instance, trace gas measurements allow the calculation of average transit times. Satellite measurements provide information on the distributions of trace gases for the entire stratosphere, with measurements of particularly long and dense coverage available for stratospheric water vapour (H2O). Although chemical processes and boundary conditions confound interpretation, the influence of CH4 oxidation on H2O is relatively straightforward, and thus H2O is an appealing tracer for transport analysis despite these caveats. In this work, we explore how mean age of air trends can be estimated from the combination of stratospheric H2O and CH4 data. We carry out different sensitivity studies with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) and focus on the analysis of the periods of 1990–2006 and 1990–2017. In particular, we assess the methodological uncertainties related to the two commonly-used approximations of (i) instantaneous stratospheric entry mixing ratio propagation, and (ii) constant correlation between mean age and the fractional release factor of methane. Our results show that the estimated mean age of air trends from the combination of observed stratospheric H2O and CH4 changes may be significantly affected by the assumed approximations. Depending on the investigated stratospheric region and the considered period, the error in estimated mean age of air decadal trends can be large – the discrepancies are up to 10 % per decade or even more at the lower stratosphere. For particular periods, the errors from the two approximations can lead to opposite effects, which may even cancel out. Finally, we propose an improvement to the approximation method by using an idealised age spectrum to propagate stratospheric entry mixing ratios. The findings of this work can be used for improving and assessing the uncertainties in stratospheric BDC trend estimation from global satellite measurements.

Trends in volcanic degassing through eruption cycles: insights from satellite measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Carn ◽  
Vitali Fioletov ◽  
Chris McLinden ◽  
Nickolay Krotkov ◽  
Can Li
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Volcanic Degassing ◽  
Superposed Epoch Analysis ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Epoch Analysis ◽  
Lower Magnitude

&lt;p&gt;Effective use of volcanic gas measurements for eruption forecasting and hazard mitigation at active volcanoes requires an understanding of long-term degassing behavior as context. Much recent progress has been made in quantifying global volcanic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and other gas species by expanding the coverage of ground-based sensor networks and through analysis of decadal-scale satellite datasets. Combined, these advances have provided valuable constraints on the magnitude and variability of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions at over 120 actively degassing volcanoes worldwide. Being less constrained by the style or location of volcanic activity, satellite measurements can provide greater insight into trends in volcanic degassing during eruption cycles. Here, we present an analysis of ~15 years of volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; measurements by the ultraviolet (UV) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aboard NASA&amp;#8217;s Aura satellite, focused on observed trends in SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions spanning eruptions of varying magnitude. The Aura/OMI measurements have been used to estimate annual mean SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions at ~100 volcanoes active between 2005 and 2020, around 80 of which erupted during the 15-year period. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission trends for the erupting volcanoes (with eruption magnitudes ranging from Volcanic Explosivity Index [VEI] 2 to 4) provides evidence that volcanoes exhibiting higher levels of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission in the years prior to eruption typically produce eruptions of lower magnitude, and vice versa. Post-eruptive SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; degassing exceeds pre-eruptive emissions for several years after eruptions with VEI 3-4 and may scale with eruption size; perhaps consistent with larger eruptions being supplied by larger magma intrusions which continue to degas in subsequent years. The SEA is most robust for eruptions of intermediate magnitude (VEI 3) which are the most common events in the recent global eruption record covered by the OMI measurements. Limited observations of larger eruptions (VEI 5+) suggest significant differences in degassing trends during these larger events. Future work will extend the satellite-based estimates of volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions both forward and backward in time using other UV satellite instruments, generating longer records of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; degassing (extending back to 1978 for the strongest volcanic sources of SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) that will be used to further explore and constrain these relationships. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Evaluation of water vapour assimilation in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by a chemical transport model

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 4355-4373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swagata Payra ◽  
Philippe Ricaud ◽  
Rachid Abida ◽  
Laaziz El Amraoui ◽  
Jean-Luc Attié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Model Space ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Sensitivity Studies

Abstract. The present analysis deals with one of the most debated aspects of the studies on the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), namely the budget of water vapour (H2O) at the tropical tropopause. Within the French project “Multiscale water budget in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the TROpics” (TRO-pico), a global-scale analysis has been set up based on space-borne observations, models and assimilation techniques. The MOCAGE-VALENTINA assimilation tool has been used to assimilate the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) version 3.3 H2O measurements within the 316–5 hPa range from August 2011 to March 2013 with an assimilation window of 1 h. Diagnostics based on observations minus analysis and forecast are developed to assess the quality of the assimilated H2O fields. Comparison with an independent source of H2O measurements in the UTLS based on the space-borne Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) observations and with meteorological ARPEGE analyses is also shown. Sensitivity studies of the analysed fields have been performed by (1) considering periods when no MLS measurements are available and (2) using H2O data from another MLS version (4.2). The studies have been performed within three different spaces in time and space coincidences with MLS (hereafter referred to as MLS space) and MIPAS (MIPAS space) observations and with the model (model space) outputs and at three different levels: 121 hPa (upper troposphere), 100 hPa (tropopause) and 68 hPa (lower stratosphere) in January and February 2012. In the MLS space, the analyses behave consistently with the MLS observations from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. In the model space, the analyses are wetter than the reference atmosphere as represented by ARPEGE and MLS in the upper troposphere (121 hPa) and around the tropopause (100 hPa), but are consistent with MLS and MIPAS in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa). In the MIPAS space, the sensitivity and the vertical resolution of the MIPAS data set at 121 and 100 hPa prevent assessment of the behaviour of the analyses at 121 and 100 hPa, particularly over intense convective areas as the South American, the African and the Maritime continents but, in the lower stratosphere (68 hPa), the analyses are very consistent with MIPAS. Sensitivity studies show the improvement on the H2O analyses in the tropical UTLS when assimilating space-borne measurements of better quality, particularly over the convective areas.

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