scholarly journals Sources, solubility, and acid processing of aerosol iron and phosphorous over the South China Sea: East Asian dust and pollution outflows vs. Southeast Asian biomass burning

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 21433-21472 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-C. Hsu ◽  
G.-C. Gong ◽  
F.-K. Shiah ◽  
C.-C. Hung ◽  
S.-J. Kao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
South China ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Acid Processing

Abstract. Iron and phosphorous are essential to marine microorganisms in vast regions in oceans worldwide. Atmospheric inputs are important allochthonous sources of Fe and P. The variability in airborne Fe deposition is hypothesized to serve an important function in previous glacial–interglacial cycles, contributing to the variability in atmospheric CO2 and ultimately the climate. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the mobilization of airborne Fe and P from insoluble to soluble forms is critical to evaluate the biogeochemical effects of these elements. In this study, we present a robust power-law correlation between fractional Fe solubility and non-sea-salt-sulfate / Total-Fe (nss-sulfate / FeT) molar ratio independent of distinct sources of airborne Fe of natural and/or anthropogenic origins over the South China Sea. This area receives Asian dust and pollution outflows and Southeast Asian biomass burning. This correlation is also valid for nitrate and total acids, demonstrating the significance of acid processing in enhancing Fe mobilization. Such correlations are also found for P, yet source dependent. These relationships serve as straightforward parameters that can be directly incorporated into available atmosphere–ocean coupling models that facilitate the assessment of Fe and P fertilization effects. Although biomass burning activity may supply Fe to the bioavailable Fe pool, pyrogenic soils are possibly the main contributors, not the burned plants. This finding warrants a multidisciplinary investigation that integrates atmospheric observations with the resulting biogeochemistry in the South China Sea, which is influenced by atmospheric forcings and nutrient dynamics with monsoons.

scholarly journals Managing Territorial Disputes in Southeast Asia: Is There more than the South China Sea?

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-61
Author(s):  
Nicole Jenne
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
The South ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Territorial Conflicts

The conflicts in the South China Sea have come to dominate debates on Southeast Asian security and specifically on how boundary disputes have been managed within the region. Yet, the case is not necessarily exemplary for the way Southeast Asian countries have dealt with territorial disputes generally. The article gathers three common perceptions about conflict management that are strongly informed by the South China Sea case, but have lesser relevance when looking at other territorial conflicts in the region. I offer a critical reading of the who, why, and how of territorial conflict management and provide tentative guidelines on what to expect in the future.

The Tragedy of the Southeast Asian Commons

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Harvey Divino Gamas
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
South China ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Cosmic Order

The South China Sea disputes have proven to be the most divisive issue in ASEAN. The collective decision-making of the ten member states towards the issue remains ineffective and this has often been attributed to their disunity. However, disunity in the ASEAN maritime commons is symptomatic of the underlying political culture in Southeast Asia. Using Lucian Pye’s analysis of power as ritual in Southeast Asian political culture, we can surmise that the disjuncture between the hopes for a definitive Code of Conduct and the resulting lack of consensus in the 2012 biannual ASEAN summit chaired by Cambodia concretised ritualism. This paper’s analysis focuses on how intra-ASEAN disagreement in resolving the South China Sea maritime dispute was compounded by Cambodia’s 2012 ASEAN chairmanship. It revealed that power as ritual reduces ASEAN integration into a temple in support of the secularised version of the cosmic order and thus tolerating its lack of pragmatic utility and efficiency.

scholarly journals China’s Crisis Bargaining in the South China Sea Dispute (2010-2013)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Eryan Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Territorial Dispute ◽  
Positive Signal ◽  
The South ◽  
Crisis Bargaining ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Negative Signal

As one of China’s most intricate territorial dispute, the South China Sea dispute has sufficiently consumed significant amount of Chinese leaders’ attention in Beijing. This paper reveals that China exerts signaling strategy in its crisis bargaining over the South China Sea dispute. This strategy contains reassurance as positive signal through offering negotiation and appearing self-restraint and of negative signal by means of escalatory acts and verbal threats. China’s crisis bargaining in the South China Sea dispute aims to preserve crisis stability: a stabilized condition after escalation in which neither further escalation nor near-distant resolution is in order. From the yearly basis analysis in the four-year span study, China’s longing for crisis stability fits into its conduct in crisis bargaining with Southeast Asian states.

scholarly journals The US Rebalance and Southeast Asia

Asian Survey ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon W. Simon
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us

This article assesses Southeast Asian views of the US “rebalance,” examining reactions to US military deployments, military assistance to partners, and support for Southeast Asian diplomacy on South China Sea conflicts. Although not ostensibly designed to contain China, the rebalance provides Southeast Asia with hedging options against more assertive PRC actions in the South China Sea.

Island-Building in the South China Sea: Legality and Limits

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara DAVENPORT
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Spratly Islands ◽  
Building Activities ◽  
Legal Constraints

AbstractAll the claimants in the South China Sea disputes have engaged in various degrees of island-building on many of the geographic features in the Spratly Islands. However, as noted by the Tribunal in the South China Sea Arbitration, none has been on the scale of Chinese island-building on the features which it occupies, which escalated after the Philippines initiated arbitral proceedings in 2013. While the most important aspect of the Award is that it clarified the extent of the respective maritime rights of China and the Philippines in the South China Sea, the Tribunal’s rulings on the reclamation and island-building activities of China are equally significant. To this end, this paper will examine the findings of the Tribunal on the legality of China’s island-building activities as well as legal constraints on such activities (if any). Last, it will explore the implications of these findings for the Southeast Asian claimants and island-building and fortification of the features that they occupy.

scholarly journals Comparative Phylogeography and Phylogeny of Pennah Croakers (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) in Southeast Asian Waters

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1926
Author(s):  
Hong-Chiun Lim ◽  
Ahasan Habib ◽  
Wei-Jen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Eastern Indian Ocean ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Malacca Strait

A broad-scale comparative phylogeographic and phylogenetic study of pennah croakers, mainly Pennahia anea, P. macrocephalus, and P. ovata was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms that may have driven the diversification of marine organisms in Southeast Asian waters. A total of 316 individuals from the three species, and an additional eight and six individuals of P. argentata and P. pawak were employed in this study. Two genetically divergent lineages each of P. argentata and P. anea (lineages L1 and L2) were respectively detected from the analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene data. Historical biogeography analysis with a multi-gene dataset revealed that Pennahia species most likely originated in the South China Sea and expanded into the eastern Indian Ocean, East China Sea, and northwestern Pacific Ocean through three separate range expansions. The main diversifications of Pennahia species occurred during Miocene and Pliocene periods, and the occurrences of lineage divergences within P. anea and P. argentata were during the Pleistocene, likely as a consequence of cyclical glaciations. The population expansions that occurred after the sea level rise might be the reason for the population homogeneity observed in P. macrocephalus and most P. anea L2 South China Sea populations. The structure observed between the two populations of P. ovata, and the restricted distributions of P. anea lineage L1 and P. ovata in the eastern Indian Ocean, might have been hampered by the northward flowing ocean current at the Malacca Strait and by the distribution of coral reefs or rocky bottoms. While our results support S. Ekman’s center-of-origin hypothesis taking place in the South China Sea, the Malacca Strait serving as the center of overlap is a supplementary postulation for explaining the present-day high diversity of pennah croakers centered in these waters.

scholarly journals Japan’s South China Sea Policy and Regional Subcomplex Expansion: Toward Free and Open Indo-Pacific

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-138
Author(s):  
Rafyoga Jehan Pratama Irsadanar
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Northeast Asian

This research aims to investigate Japan’s motivation to be involved in the South China Sea dispute despite Japan’s far distance from the conflicted area. Utilizing the qualitative research method, this research analyzes Japanese Government official documents and relevant literature to achieve the research objective. The research discovers that Japan’s main interest in the South China Sea is to articulate a safer maritime lane for the sake of its Free and Open Indo-Pacific agenda by balancing China’s assertiveness in the region. Employing a regional security complex framework, this research sees that Japan, by its presence in the South China Sea, tries to intensify the security interaction with Southeast Asian counterparts to expand the Northeast Asian regional subcomplex, aiming to strengthen the perception of China as a threat to Southeast Asian countries. The South China Sea involvement will fortify Japan’s security interlink with Southeast Asian counterparts, balancing China’s expansive trait in the maritime zone, accelerating Tokyo-initiated Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision.

Deep Danger: Competing Claims in the South China Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (737) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin C. Ott
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
The Us

The South China Sea is a growing focus of concern in Washington, at the headquarters of the US Pacific Command in Honolulu, and in a number of Southeast Asian capitals.

Portuguese Trade and Society in China and the South China Sea

Itinerario ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
G.B. Souza
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
China Sea ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
Portuguese Society

Portuguese trade and society in China and the South China Sea, c. 1630–1753, is a topic that attracts little interest among European Expansion and East-Southeast Asian historians. This is unfortunate, since a great deal may be learned about early Sino and Southeast Asian-European relations by analysing Portuguese society in Macao and its diplomatic and economic relations with the Ming-Ch'ing dynasties and with the states within and bordering the South China Sea trading complex. Previous research was preoccupied with the nature of European colonial rivalry and comparisons between differing colonial systems; lamentably, it demonstrated litte interest in examining in detail the institutions of Portuguese society in Macao and their interactions with European and Asian society in a regional context. My research in this field began while an undergraduate honours student at Stanford University in 1971, was stimulated while a Master's degree student in Southeast Asian Area studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies in 1976, and should be completed in early 1980 when submitted as a doctoral dissertation at Trinity College, Cambridge University.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document