Anaphylaxis Associated With Allergen Specific Immunotherapy, Omalizumab, and Dupilumab: A Real World Study Based on the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System

Background: Real-world studies on the allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT), omalizumab, and dupilumab associated anaphylactic events are limited. We aimed to analyze the characteristics of drug associated anaphylaxis, and to compare the differences among different drugs.Methods: A disproportionality analysis and Bayesian analysis were used in data mining to identify suspected anaphylaxis associated with AIT, omalizumab, and dupilumab based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from January 2004 to March 2021. Demographic information, time interval to onset, and death rates of AIT, omalizumab, and dupilumab associated anaphylaxis were also analyzed.Results: Totally 9,969 anaphylactic events were identified. Reports of AIT, omalizumab, and dupilumab associated anaphylactic events were 64, 7,784, and 2,121, respectively. AIT had a high reporting odds ratio (ROR) of 5.03 [95%confidental interval (CI) 3.69–6.85], followed by omalizumab (ROR 2.24, 95% CI 2.18–2.29), and dupilumab had a negative signal for anaphylaxis. In children, most anaphylactic reactions (68%) were reported in the 12–17-year-old group. More reports of anaphylaxis related to AIT were in boys (73%), while more reports of anaphylaxis related to omalizumab (63%) and dupilumab (58%) were in girls. Most symptoms occurred on the day of drug initiation. The death rate of AIT related anaphylaxis was the lowest (0%), the death rate of omalizumab was 0.87%, while the death rate of dupilumab was 4.76%. No significant differences were observed among these drugs.Conclusion: AIT and omalizumab had a positive signal for anaphylaxis, while dupilumab had a negative signal for anaphylaxis. Patients should be strictly monitored after administration of AIT and also biologics. It also gives us a suggestion for choosing a combined biologics with AIT when the risk of anaphylaxis was considered.

Stock markets' reaction to COVID-19: the joint impact of uncertainty avoidance culture and government response–evidence from emerging countries

PurposeThe authors examine whether the uncertainty avoidance culture and the stringency of government response play a role in shaping the stock market's response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The authors find that investors' response to the pandemic will not only depend on their instinct of uncertainty aversion but also on their expectation about the effectiveness of the government measures. The uncertainty avoidance culture amplifies the irrational actions of investors. However, harsh government responses will weaken this effect. Harsh government responses also send a negative signal to the market about the extent of the pandemic and the economic damage caused by anti-COVID measures. Governments need to be balanced in imposing anti-COVID measurements to preserve market confidence.Design/methodology/approachIn this article, the authors investigate whether the stock market volatility of emerging countries is simultaneously driven by two factors: the uncertainty-aversion culture of investors in a country and the stringency of the government's response to the pandemic. The authors conduct an empirical study on a sample of 20 emerging countries during the period from January 2020 to March 2021.FindingsThe authors find that the national-level uncertainty aversion amplifies the irrational actions of investors during the period of crisis. However, harsh government responses will weaken this effect. The authors’ findings show evidence that investors' response to the pandemic will not only depend on their instinct of uncertainty aversion but also on their expectation about the effectiveness of the government measures. Although harsh government responses can stabilize the investors' sentiment in countries with high levels of uncertainty aversion, they also send a negative signal to the market about the extent of the pandemic as well as the economic damage caused by anti-COVID measures.Originality/valueFirst, the study’s results complement evidence from existing studies on the effect of uncertainty avoidance culture in determining stock market responses to COVID-19. Second, an important difference from previous studies, this paper adds to the behavioral finance literature by showing that investors' investment decisions in the face of economic uncertainty are not driven solely by their cultural values but also by their expectation about the effectiveness of the government policy. During a crisis, when the market has neither rational information nor adequate experience to forecast the future, the government must play an important role in stabilizing investors' sentiment and reactions.

The Role of Audit Firms in Spreading Depositor Contagion

Auditor credibility is important in the banking industry due to the opacity of bank assets and the use of financial statements by external parties to facilitate monitoring. Depositors monitor and discipline bank behavior, but they can also contribute to the spread of shocks from one bank to another. We argue that depositors perceive bank failure as an audit failure, which reduces their assessment of auditor credibility. We document that exposure to failure through the audit firm is associated with lower uninsured deposit growth following the failure, consistent with depositors perceiving failures as a negative signal of auditor credibility. We further document that this association is stronger when depositors perceive connection to failure to reflect a pervasive issue within the audit firm. Collectively, our results suggest that depositors consider accounting signals at other banks in assessing financial reporting credibility.

A new technology for locating very low frequency and negative signal-to-noise ratio sound sources

This paper presents a new technology that enables one to locate multiple sound sources with very a large dynamic range simultaneously, including very low frequency and negative signal-to-noise ration sound sources in a non-ideal environment, where there are random background noise and unknown interfering signals. In particular, spatial resolution of source localization is frequency independent. In other words, spatial resolution remains very high at very low as well as at very high frequencies. The underlying principle of this new technology is a hybrid methodology that includes a passive SODAR (nic etection nd anging), advanced signal processing and least-squares minimization. Using this technology, engineers will be able to visualize sound sources in both real time and post processing in an adversary test environment. Live videos of sound sources localization inside a crowd machine shop are shown, where there are unknown background noise, unspecified sound reflections and reverberation, and interfering signals.

The Stroop Task Influences Product Evaluations

Cognitive conflict is considered to represent a psychologically negative signal. Indeed, a recent publication showed that cognitive conflict emerging from the Stroop task influences evaluations for neutral shapes that had become associated with conflict and non-conflict, respectively. Building on these findings, the present research investigates the degree to which Stroop conflict influences evaluations of actual products. In an experimental study, participants performed a Stroop task in which they responded to conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a blue font) as well as non-conflict trials (e.g., the word red presented in a red font). Participants were also presented with two pictures featuring bottled water brands: One brand was consistently presented after non-conflict trials; the other brand was consistently presented after conflict trials. When participants evaluated the products, the results showed they rated the product associated with Stroop conflict less favorably than the product associated with non-conflict; however, this effect only emerged when participants were thirsty. When participants were not thirsty, no differences emerged. The present findings add to the literature on cognitive conflict and negativity, suggesting that Stroop conflict can influence product evaluations when those products are goal relevant.

CEO Turnovers: Transparency of Announcements and the Outperformance Puzzle

This study investigates market reactions to announcements of CEO turnover and finds that forced turnovers are not accompanied by positive returns, which contradicts the broad view that firing a CEO sends a positive signal to the market. This contradiction is further explored by focusing on the nature of not only turnover but also a firm’s past performance. This study finds that the market seems to incorporate both types of information in reacting to CEO turnover announcements. Firing an underperforming CEO is viewed as a positive signal, whereas firing an outperforming CEO is viewed as a negative signal. Rather than taking early action against CEOs for a deterioration in their performance, firms appear to be firing outperforming CEOs owing to their apparent nonperformance-related reasons. This study also explores reasons behind the decision to fire a CEO from different news databases and finds that giving no clear reasons for a CEO’s departure increases uncertainty in the market, thereby causing a negative market reaction. However, stating performance as the reason for the departure assures investors about the future trajectory of the firm and results in a positive market reaction.

Ownership, Learning, and Beliefs

We examine how owning a good affects learning and beliefs about its quality. We show that people have more extreme reactions to information about a good that they own compared to the same information about a nonowned good: ownership causes more optimistic beliefs after receiving a positive signal and more pessimistic beliefs after receiving a negative signal. Comparing learning to normative benchmarks reveals that people overextrapolate from signals about goods that they own, which leads to an overreaction to information; in contrast, learning is close to Bayesian for nonowned goods. We provide direct evidence that this effect is driven by ownership channeling greater attention towards associated information, which leads people to overweight recent signals when forming beliefs. The relationship between ownership and beliefs has testable implications for trade and market expectations. In line with these predictions, we show that the endowment effect doubles in response to positive information and disappears with negative information, and demonstrate a significant relationship between ownership and overextrapolation in survey data about stock market expectations.

Adjustable Positive-Negative Signal in Self-Driven Photodetector based on Cubic CH3NH3PbI3 Large Single Crystal

<p><b>In this study, for the first time, self-driven photodetector based on cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃ large single crystal </b><b>(C-MAPbI₃LSC) </b><b>with adjustable positive-negative signal is fabricated. </b><b>The preparation of MAPbI₃large single crystal (MAPbI₃LSC) is realized by the method of growth-drop-growth (GDG). </b><b>The band gap of </b><b>MAPbI₃</b><b>single crystals </b><b>with Pm-3m (221) space group (6.134×6.134×6.134 Å, 90.00 x 90.00 x 90.00) </b><b>is 1.58 eV.</b> <b>CH₃NH₃⁺ cation is orientation-disorder </b><b>within the perovskite cubo-octahedral cavity.</b><b> The photocurrent density at 803 nm of the</b><b> C-MAPbI₃LSC</b><b> photodetector under different bias voltages is the highest under different wavelength. The </b><b>responsivities (R), response time, external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and the detectivity (D) for </b><b>C-MAPbI₃LSC</b><b> photodetector at 803 nm wavelength with 1 W m^-2</b><b>, respectively, is </b><b>508.7 µA/mW, 0.1338 ms, 79.6% and 8.64*10¹¹ Jones. Notably, </b><b>the C-MAPbI₃LSC photodetector can be self-driven under 0 V bias voltage, in particular, the positive and negative values of the photocurrent can be adjusted. The proposed mechanism of poling inducing built-in potential is explained adjustable positive-negative signal in self-driven photodetector based on cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃ large single crystal.</b><b></b></p>

Adjustable Positive-Negative Signal in Self-Driven Photodetector based on Cubic CH3NH3PbI3 Large Single Crystal

<p><b>In this study, for the first time, self-driven photodetector based on cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃ large single crystal </b><b>(C-MAPbI₃LSC) </b><b>with adjustable positive-negative signal is fabricated. </b><b>The preparation of MAPbI₃large single crystal (MAPbI₃LSC) is realized by the method of growth-drop-growth (GDG). </b><b>The band gap of </b><b>MAPbI₃</b><b>single crystals </b><b>with Pm-3m (221) space group (6.134×6.134×6.134 Å, 90.00 x 90.00 x 90.00) </b><b>is 1.58 eV.</b> <b>CH₃NH₃⁺ cation is orientation-disorder </b><b>within the perovskite cubo-octahedral cavity.</b><b> The photocurrent density at 803 nm of the</b><b> C-MAPbI₃LSC</b><b> photodetector under different bias voltages is the highest under different wavelength. The </b><b>responsivities (R), response time, external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and the detectivity (D) for </b><b>C-MAPbI₃LSC</b><b> photodetector at 803 nm wavelength with 1 W m^-2</b><b>, respectively, is </b><b>508.7 µA/mW, 0.1338 ms, 79.6% and 8.64*10¹¹ Jones. Notably, </b><b>the C-MAPbI₃LSC photodetector can be self-driven under 0 V bias voltage, in particular, the positive and negative values of the photocurrent can be adjusted. The proposed mechanism of poling inducing built-in potential is explained adjustable positive-negative signal in self-driven photodetector based on cubic CH₃NH₃PbI₃ large single crystal.</b><b></b></p>