scholarly journals Emission of sunscreen salicylic esters from desert vegetation and their contribution to aerosol formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 13619-13632
Author(s):  
S. N. Matsunaga ◽  
A. B. Guenther ◽  
M. J. Potosnak ◽  
E. C. Apel
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) produced by plants are known to have an important role in atmospheric chemistry. However, our knowledge of the range of BVOCs produced by different plant processes is still expanding, and there remain poorly understood categories of BVOCs. In this study, emissions of a novel class of BVOC emissions were investigated in a desert region. Our study considered 8 species of common desert plants: blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), mondel pine (Pinus eldarica), pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) and yucca (Yucca baccata). The measurements focused on BVOCs with relatively high molecular weight (>C15) and/or an oxygenated functional group. Significantly high emission rates of two salicylic esters were found for blackbrush, desert willow and mesquite with emission rates of 1.4, 2.1 and 0.46 μgC dwg−1 h−1, respectively. The salicylic esters were identified as 2-ethylhexenyl salicylate (2-EHS) and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexenyl salicylate (homosalate) and are known as effective ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. We propose that the plants derive a protective benefit against UV radiation from the salicylic esters and that the emission process is driven by the physical evaporation of the salicylic esters due to the high ambient temperatures. In addition, the salicylic esters are predicted to be an effective precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) because of their low vapor pressure due to a high number of carbon atoms (15 or 16) and the presence of three oxygen atoms. We estimated the contribution of the sunscreen esters themselves and their oxidation products on the SOA formation for the Las Vegas region using a BVOC emission model. The contribution was estimated to reach 90% of the biogenic SOA in the landscapes dominated by desert willow and mesquite and 25% in Las Vegas area.

scholarly journals Emission of sunscreen salicylic esters from desert vegetation and their contribution to aerosol formation

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (24) ◽  
pp. 7367-7371 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Matsunaga ◽  
A. B. Guenther ◽  
M. J. Potosnak ◽  
E. C. Apel
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Las Vegas ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) produced by plants are known to have an important role in atmospheric chemistry. However, our knowledge of the range of BVOCs produced by different plant processes is still expanding, and there remain poorly understood categories of BVOCs. In this study, emissions of a novel class of BVOC emissions were investigated in a desert region. Our study considered 8 species of common desert plants: blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis), mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), mondel pine (Pinus eldarica), pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) and yucca (Yucca baccata). The measurements focused on BVOCs with relatively high molecular weight (>C15) and/or an oxygenated functional group. Significantly high emission rates of two salicylic esters were found for blackbrush, desert willow and mesquite with emission rates of 3.1, 1.0 and 4.8μgC dwg−1 h−1, respectively (dwg; dry weight of the leaves in gram). The salicylic esters were identified as 2-ethylhexenyl salicylate (2-EHS) and 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexenyl salicylate (homosalate) and are known as effective ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. We propose that the plants derive a protective benefit against UV radiation from the salicylic esters and that the emission process is driven by the physical evaporation of the salicylic esters due to the high ambient temperatures. In addition, the salicylic esters are predicted to be an effective precursor of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) because they probably produce oxidation products that can condense onto the aerosol phase. We estimated the contribution of the sunscreen esters themselves and their oxidation products on the SOA formation for the Las Vegas area using a BVOC emission model. The contribution was estimated to reach 50% of the biogenic terpenoid emission in the landscapes dominated by desert willow and mesquite and 13% in the Las Vegas area. The contributions to biogenic SOA are likely to be higher due to the potentially high SOA yields of these compounds.

scholarly journals Rapid formation of isoprene photo-oxidation products observed in Amazonia

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 13629-13653 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Karl ◽  
A. Guenther ◽  
A. Turnipseed ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Voc Oxidation ◽  
Rapid Formation

Abstract. Isoprene represents the single most important reactive hydrocarbon for atmospheric chemistry in the tropical atmosphere. It plays a central role in global and regional atmospheric chemistry and possible climate feedbacks. Photo-oxidation of primary hydrocarbons (e.g. isoprene) leads to the formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The evolution of these intermediates affects the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere (by reacting with OH) and can contribute to secondary aerosol formation, a poorly understood process. An accurate and quantitative understanding of VOC oxidation processes is needed for model simulations of regional air quality and global climate. Based on field measurements conducted during the Amazonian aerosol characterization experiment (AMAZE-08) we show that the production of certain OVOCs (e.g. hydroxyacetone) from isoprene photo-oxidation in the lower atmosphere is significantly underpredicted by standard chemistry schemes. A recently suggested novel pathway for isoprene peroxy radicals could explain the observed discrepancy and reconcile the rapid formation of these VOCs. Furthermore, if generalized our observations suggest that prompt photochemical formation of OVOCs and other uncertainties in VOC oxidation schemes could result in substantial underestimates of modelled OH reactivity that could explain a major fraction of the missing OH sink over forests which has previously been attributed to a missing source of primary biogenic VOCs.

scholarly journals Rapid formation of isoprene photo-oxidation products observed in Amazonia

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 7753-7767 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Karl ◽  
A. Guenther ◽  
A. Turnipseed ◽  
G. Tyndall ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Peroxy Radicals ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Voc Oxidation

Abstract. Isoprene represents the single most important reactive hydrocarbon for atmospheric chemistry in the tropical atmosphere. It plays a central role in global and regional atmospheric chemistry and possible climate feedbacks. Photo-oxidation of primary hydrocarbons (e.g. isoprene) leads to the formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs). The evolution of these intermediates affects the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere (by reacting with OH) and can contribute to secondary aerosol formation, a poorly understood process. An accurate and quantitative understanding of VOC oxidation processes is needed for model simulations of regional air quality and global climate. Based on field measurements conducted during the Amazonian Aerosol Characterization Experiment (AMAZE-08) we show that the production of certain OVOCs (e.g. hydroxyacetone) from isoprene photo-oxidation in the lower atmosphere is significantly underpredicted by standard chemistry schemes. Recently reported fast secondary production could explain 50% of the observed discrepancy with the remaining part possibly produced via a novel primary production channel, which has been proposed theoretically. The observations of OVOCs are also used to test a recently proposed HOx recycling mechanism via degradation of isoprene peroxy radicals. If generalized our observations suggest that prompt photochemical formation of OVOCs and other uncertainties in VOC oxidation schemes could result in uncertainties of modelled OH reactivity, potentially explaining a fraction of the missing OH sink over forests which has previously been largely attributed to a missing source of primary biogenic VOCs.

scholarly journals Observation of 2-methyltetrols and related photo-oxidation products of isoprene in boreal forest aerosols from Hyytiälä, Finland

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 2761-2770 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kourtchev ◽  
T. Ruuskanen ◽  
W. Maenhaut ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
M. Claeys
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Pinic Acid

Abstract. Oxidation products of isoprene including 2-methyltetrols (2-methylthreitol and 2-methylerythritol), 2-methylglyceric acid and triol derivatives of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3,4-trihydroxy-1-butene (cis and trans) and 3-methyl-2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-butene) have been detected in boreal forest PM1 aerosols collected at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, during a 2004 summer period, at significant atmospheric concentrations (in total 51 ng m−3 in summer versus 0.46 ng m−3 in fall). On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that photo-oxidation of isoprene is an important atmospheric chemistry process that contributes to secondary organic aerosol formation during summer in this conifer forest ecosystem. In addition to isoprene oxidation products, malic acid, which can be regarded as an intermediate in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, was also detected at high concentrations during the summer period (46 ng m−3 in summer versus 5.2 ng m−3 in fall), while levoglucosan, originating from biomass burning, became relatively more important during the fall period (29 ng m−3 in fall versus 10 ng m−3 in summer). Pinic acid, a major photo-oxidation product of α-pinene in laboratory experiments, could only be detected at trace levels in the summer samples, suggesting that further oxidation of pinic acid occurs and/or that different oxidation pathways are followed. We hypothesize that photo-oxidation of isoprene may participate in the early stages of new particle formation, a phenomenon which has been well documented in the boreal forest environment.

scholarly journals In-canopy gas-phase chemistry during CABINEX 2009: sensitivity of a 1-D canopy model to vertical mixing and isoprene chemistry

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 8829-8849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bryan ◽  
S. B. Bertman ◽  
M. A. Carroll ◽  
S. Dusanter ◽  
G. D. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Phase Chemistry

Abstract. Vegetation emits large quantities of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). At remote sites, these compounds are the dominant precursors to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, yet current field studies show that atmospheric models have difficulty in capturing the observed HOx cycle and concentrations of BVOC oxidation products. In this manuscript, we simulate BVOC chemistry within a forest canopy using a one-dimensional canopy-chemistry model (Canopy Atmospheric CHemistry Emission model; CACHE) for a mixed deciduous forest in northern Michigan during the CABINEX 2009 campaign. We find that the base-case model, using fully-parameterized mixing and the simplified biogenic chemistry of the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Model (RACM), underestimates daytime in-canopy vertical mixing by 50–70% and by an order of magnitude at night, leading to discrepancies in the diurnal evolution of HOx, BVOC, and BVOC oxidation products. Implementing observed micrometeorological data from above and within the canopy substantially improves the diurnal cycle of modeled BVOC, particularly at the end of the day, and also improves the observation-model agreement for some BVOC oxidation products and OH reactivity. We compare the RACM mechanism to a version that includes the Mainz isoprene mechanism (RACM-MIM) to test the model sensitivity to enhanced isoprene degradation. RACM-MIM simulates higher concentrations of both primary BVOC (isoprene and monoterpenes) and oxidation products (HCHO, MACR+MVK) compared with RACM simulations. Additionally, the revised mechanism alters the OH concentrations and increases HO2. These changes generally improve agreement with HOx observations yet overestimate BVOC oxidation products, indicating that this isoprene mechanism does not improve the representation of local chemistry at the site. Overall, the revised mechanism yields smaller changes in BVOC and BVOC oxidation product concentrations and gradients than improving the parameterization of vertical mixing with observations, suggesting that uncertainties in vertical mixing parameterizations are an important component in understanding observed BVOC chemistry.

scholarly journals Observation of 2-methyltetrols and related photo-oxidation products of isoprene in boreal forest aerosols from Hyytiälä, Finland

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2947-2971 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kourtchev ◽  
T. Ruuskanen ◽  
W. Maenhaut ◽  
M. Kulmala ◽  
M. Claeys
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Photo Oxidation ◽  
Pinic Acid

Abstract. Oxidation products of isoprene including 2-methyltetrols (2-methylthreitol and 2-methylerythritol), 2-methylglyceric acid and triol derivatives of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3,4-trihydroxy-1-butene (cis and trans) and 3-methyl-2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-butene) have been detected in boreal forest PM1 aerosols collected at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, during a 2004 summer period, at significant atmospheric concentrations (in total 51 ng m-3 in summer versus 0.46 ng m-3 in fall). On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that photo-oxidation of isoprene is an important atmospheric chemistry process that contributes to secondary organic aerosol formation during summer in this conifer forest ecosystem. In addition to isoprene oxidation products, malic acid, which can be regarded as an end-oxidation product of unsaturated fatty acids, was also detected at high concentrations during the summer period (46 ng m-3 in summer versus 5.2 ng m-3 in fall), while levoglucosan, originating from biomass burning, became relatively more important during the fall period (29 ng m-3 in fall versus 10 ng m-3 in summer). Pinic acid, a major photo-oxidation product of α-pinene in laboratory experiments, could only be detected at trace levels in the summer PM1 aerosol samples from Hyytiälä, suggesting that further oxidation of pinic acid occurs and/or that different oxidation pathways are followed. We hypothesize that photo-oxidation of isoprene may participate in the early stages of new particle formation, a phenomenon which has been well documented in the boreal forest environment.

Temporal and spatial variations of three dimethylated sulfur compounds in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during summer and winter

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Gao ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Hong-Hai Zhang ◽  
Long Liu
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Changjiang Estuary ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
The Changjiang Estuary ◽  
Chl A

Environmental contextDimethylsulfide is a biogeochemically important sulfur gas emitted from the oceans that can lead to aerosol formation, thereby affecting earth albedo and climate. Studies on the biogeochemistry of dimethylsulfide and its precursors and oxidation products in coastal waters can link the atmospheric chemistry of dimethylsulfide with the bioavailable organic sulfur pool in the oceans. The ensuing information is essential for understanding the biogeochemical dynamics of sulfur and its global cycles. AbstractThe spatiotemporal distribution patterns of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a), as well as the oceanographic parameters influencing the concentrations of DMS, DMSP and DMSO, were measured in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area during two cruises from 21 February to 10 March 2014 and from 10 to 22 July 2014. The concentrations of DMS and DMSP showed significant seasonal variation, i.e. higher values in summer than in winter. This result corresponded well with the seasonal change in Chl-a in the study area. The distribution of dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) decreased significantly with distance from shore, suggesting a primary source of terrestrial and riverine inputs. The seasonal variations of both DMSOd and particulate DMSO (DMSOp) were weaker than other sulfur compounds. Significant relationships were observed between DMS, particulate DMSP (DMSPp), DMSOp and Chl-a, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass plays an important role in controlling the distributions of DMS, DMSP and DMSO in the study area. The positive relationship between DMSPp and DMSOp suggested similar sources and cellular functions in algae, whereas the oxidation of DMS to DMSOd appeared to be a predominant source of DMSOd in winter in the area adjacent to the river mouth. The average sea-to-air fluxes of DMS in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent area were 0.37 and 1.70 µmol m–2 day–1 in winter and summer respectively; these values are much lower than those in other continental shelf seas.

scholarly journals Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization and their ratio monitored using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 5737-5772 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Stremme ◽  
A. Krueger ◽  
R. Harig ◽  
M. Grutter
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Emission Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Radiative Processes ◽  
Thermal Emission Spectroscopy

Abstract. The composition and emission rates of volcanic gas plumes provide insight of the geologic internal activity, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol formation and radiative processes around it. Observations are necessary for public security and the aviation industry. Ground-based thermal emission infrared spectroscopy, which uses the radiation of the volcanic gas itself, allows for continuously monitoring during day and night from a save distance. We present measurements on Popocatépetl volcano based on thermal emission spectroscopy during different campaigns between 2006–2009 using a Scanning Infrared Gas Imaging System (SIGIS). The experimental set-up, measurement geometries and analytical algorithms are described. The equipment was operated from a safe distance of 12 km from the volcano at two different spectral resolutions: 0.5 and 4 cm−1. The 2-dimensional scanning capability of the instrument allows for an on-line visualization of the volcanic SO2 plume, animation and determination of its propagation speed. SiF4 was also identified in the infrared spectra recorded at both resolutions. The SiF4/SO2 molecular ratio can be calculated from each image and used as a highly useful parameter to follow changes in volcanic activity. A small Vulcanian eruption was monitored during the night of 16 to 17 November 2008 which was confirmed from the strong ash emission registered around 01:00 a.m. LST (Local Standard Time) and a pronounced SO2 cloud was registered. Enhanced SiF4/SO2 ratios were observed before and after the eruption. A validation of the results from thermal emission measurements with those from absorption spectra of the moon taken at the same time, as well as an error analysis, are presented. The inferred propagation speed from sequential imagees is used to calculate the emission rates at different distances from the crater.

scholarly journals Influence of Seed Aerosol Surface Area and Oxidation Rate on Vapor-Wall Deposition and SOA Mass Yields: A case study with α-pinene Ozonolysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nah ◽  
R. C McVay ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
C. M. Boyd ◽  
J. H. Seinfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Seed Surface ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Seed Aerosol

Abstract. Laboratory chambers, invaluable in atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation studies, are subject to particle and vapor wall deposition, processes that need to be accounted for in order to accurately determine secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass yields. Although particle wall deposition is reasonably well understood and usually accounted for, vapor wall deposition is less so. The effects of vapor wall deposition on SOA mass yields in chamber experiments can be constrained experimentally by increasing the seed aerosol surface area to promote the preferential condensation of SOA-forming vapors onto seed aerosol. Here, we study the influence of seed aerosol surface area and oxidation rate on SOA formation in α-pinene ozonolysis. The observations are analyzed using a coupled vapor-particle dynamics model to interpret the roles of gas-particle partitioning (quasi-equilibrium vs. kinetically-limited SOA growth) and α-pinene oxidation rate in influencing vapor wall deposition. We find that the SOA growth rate and mass yields are independent of seed surface area within the range of seed surface area concentrations used in this study. This behavior arises when the condensation of SOA-forming vapors is dominated by quasi-equilibrium growth. Faster α-pinene oxidation rates and higher SOA mass yields are observed at increasing O3 concentrations for the same initial α-pinene concentration. When the α-pinene oxidation rate increases relative to vapor wall deposition, rapidly produced SOA-forming oxidation products condense more readily onto seed aerosol particles, resulting in higher SOA mass yields. Our results indicate that the extent to which vapor wall deposition affects SOA mass yields depends on the particular VOC system, and can be mitigated through the use of excess oxidant concentrations.

scholarly journals In-canopy gas-phase chemistry during CABINEX 2009: sensitivity of a 1-D canopy model to vertical mixing and isoprene chemistry

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 12801-12852 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Bryan ◽  
S. B. Bertman ◽  
M. A. Carroll ◽  
S. Dusanter ◽  
G. D. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Phase Chemistry

Abstract. Vegetation emits large quantities of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). At remote sites, these compounds are the dominant precursors to ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, yet current field studies show that atmospheric models have difficulty in capturing the observed HOx cycle and concentrations of BVOC oxidation products. In this manuscript, we simulate BVOC chemistry within a forest canopy using a one-dimensional canopy-chemistry model (Canopy Atmospheric CHemistry Emission model; CACHE) for a mixed deciduous forest in northern Michigan during the CABINEX 2009 campaign. We find that the base-case model, using fully-parameterized mixing and the simplified biogenic chemistry of the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Model (RACM), underestimates daytime in-canopy vertical mixing by 50–70% and by an order of magnitude at night, leading to discrepancies in the diurnal evolution of HOx, BVOC, and BVOC oxidation products. Implementing observed micrometeorological data from above and within the canopy substantially improves the diurnal cycle of modeled BVOC, particularly at the end of the day, and also improves the observation-model agreement for some BVOC oxidation products and OH reactivity. We compare the RACM mechanism to a version that includes the Mainz isoprene mechanism (RACM-MIM) to test the model sensitivity to enhanced isoprene degradation. RACM-MIM simulates higher concentrations of both primary BVOC (isoprene and monoterpenes) and oxidation products (HCHO, MACR + MVK) compared with RACM simulations. Additionally, the revised mechanism alters the OH concentrations and increases HO2. These changes generally improve agreement with HOx observations yet overestimate BVOC oxidation products, indicating that this isoprene mechanism does not improve the representation of local chemistry at the site. Overall, the revised mechanism yields smaller changes in BVOC and BVOC oxidation product concentrations and gradients than improving the parameterization of vertical mixing with observations, suggesting that uncertainties in vertical mixing parameterizations are an important component in understanding observed BVOC chemistry.

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