Changes in carbon fluxes and pools induced by cropland expansion in South and Southeast Asia in the 20th century

Abstract. A process-based ecosystem model, the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM), was applied to evaluate the effects of cropland expansion on terrestrial carbon fluxes and pools in South and Southeast Asia in the 20th century. The results indicated that cropland expansion in both regions has resulted in a release of 18.26 Pg C into the atmosphere in the study period. Of this amount, approximately 23 % (4.19 Pg C) was released from South Asia and 77 % (14.07 Pg C) from Southeast Asia. More land area was converted to cropland but less carbon was emitted in South Asia than in Southeast Asia, where forest biomass and soil carbon are significantly higher. Carbon losses in vegetation, soil organic matter, and litter carbon pools accounted for 15.09, 2.01, and 1.60 Pg C, respectively. Significant decreases in vegetation carbon occurred across most regions of Southeast Asia due to continuous cropland expansion and depletion of natural forests. Our study also indicated that it is important to take into account the land use legacy effect when evaluating the contemporary carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems.

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Releases of carbon to the atmosphere from degradation of forests in tropical Asia

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x91-017 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 132-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

R. A. Houghton

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Tropical Forest ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Forest Biomass ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Tropical Asia ◽

South And Southeast Asia ◽

Net Flux ◽

The Difference ◽

Annual Flux

The net annual flux of carbon from south and southeast Asia as a result of changes in the area of forests was calculated for the period 1850 to 1985. The total net flux ranged from 14.4 to 24.0 Pg of carbon, depending on the estimates of biomass used in the calculations. High estimates of biomass, based on direct measurement of a few stands, and low estimates of biomass, based on volumes of merchantable wood surveyed over large areas, differ by a factor of almost 2. These and previous estimates of the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere have been based on changes in the area of forests, or rates of deforestation. Recent studies have shown, however, that the loss of carbon from forests in tropical Asia is greater than would be expected on the basis of deforestation alone. This loss of carbon from within forests (degradation) also releases carbon to the atmosphere when the products removed from the forest burn or decay. Thus, degradation should be included in analyses of the net flux of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems. Degradation may also explain some of the difference between estimates of tropical forest biomass if the higher estimates are based on undisturbed forests and the lower estimates are more representative of the region. The implication of degradation for estimates of the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems is explored. When degradation was included in the analyses, the net flux of carbon between 1850 and 1985 was 30.2 Pg of carbon, about 25% above that calculated on the basis of deforestation alone (with high estimates of biomass), and about 110% above that calculated with low estimates of biomass. Thus, lower estimates of biomass for contemporary tropical forests do not necessarily result in lower estimates of flux.

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Women and Development: Perspectives from South and Southeast Asia. Edited by Rounaq Jahan and Hanna Papanek. Dacca: Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs, 1979. xi, 433 pp. $12. (Distributed by South Asia Books.)

The Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.2307/2054656 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 186-187

Author(s):

Barbara D. Miller

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

South Asia ◽

International Affairs ◽

South And Southeast Asia

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Carbon balance of South Asia constrained by passenger aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-11-5379-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 5379-5405 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. K. Patra ◽

Y. Niwa ◽

T. J. Schuck ◽

C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽

T. Machida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Asia ◽

Transport Model ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Ecosystem Model ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem Model ◽

Terra Incognita ◽

Annual Carbon ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Passenger Aircraft

Abstract. Quantifying the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in all their diversity, across the continents, is important and urgent for implementing effective mitigating policies. Whereas much is known for Europe and North America for instance, in comparison, South Asia, with 1.6 billion inhabitants and considerable CO2 fluxes, remained terra incognita in this respect. We use regional measurements of atmospheric CO2 aboard a Lufthansa passenger aircraft between Frankfurt (Germany) and Chennai (India) at cruise altitude, in addition to the existing network sites for 2008, to estimate monthly fluxes for 64-regions using Bayesian inversion and transport model simulations. The applicability of the model's transport parameterization is confirmed using SF6, CH4 and N2O simulations for the CARIBIC datasets. The annual carbon flux obtained by including the aircraft data is twice as large as the fluxes simulated by a terrestrial ecosystem model that was applied to prescribe the fluxes used in the inversions. It is shown that South Asia sequestered carbon at a rate of 0.37±0.20 Pg C yr−1 (1Pg C = 1015 g of carbon in CO2) for the years 2007 and 2008. The seasonality and the strength of the calculated monthly fluxes are successfully validated using independent measurements of vertical CO2 profiles over Delhi and spatial variations at cruising altitude over Asia aboard Japan Airlines passenger aircraft.

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Changes in land use in South and Southeast Asia from 1880 to 1980: A data base prepared as part of a coordinated research program on carbon fluxes in the tropics

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/0045-6535(94)90166-x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 1015-1062 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

E.P. Flint

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Data Base ◽

Research Program ◽

Carbon Fluxes ◽

South And Southeast Asia ◽

The Tropics

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Carbon balance of South Asia constrained by passenger aircraft CO<sub>2</sub> measurements

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-11-4163-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4163-4175 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

P. K. Patra ◽

Y. Niwa ◽

T. J. Schuck ◽

C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽

T. Machida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Asia ◽

Transport Model ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Ecosystem Model ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem Model ◽

Terra Incognita ◽

Ch4 And N2o ◽

Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽

Passenger Aircraft

Abstract. Quantifying the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in all their diversity, across the continents, is important and urgent for implementing effective mitigating policies. Whereas much is known for Europe and North America for instance, in comparison, South Asia, with 1.6 billion inhabitants and considerable CO2 fluxes, remained terra incognita in this respect. We use regional measurements of atmospheric CO2 aboard a Lufthansa passenger aircraft between Frankfurt (Germany) and Chennai (India) at cruise altitude, in addition to the existing network sites for 2008, to estimate monthly fluxes for 64-regions using Bayesian inversion and transport model simulations. The applicability of the model's transport parameterization is confirmed using SF6, CH4 and N2O simulations for the CARIBIC datasets. The annual amplitude of carbon flux obtained by including the aircraft data is twice as large as the fluxes simulated by a terrestrial ecosystem model that was applied to prescribe the fluxes used in the inversions. It is shown that South Asia sequestered carbon at a rate of 0.37 ± 0.20 Pg C yr−1 (1 Pg C = 1015 g of carbon in CO2) for the years 2007 and 2008. The seasonality and the strength of the calculated monthly fluxes are successfully validated using independent measurements of vertical CO2 profiles over Delhi and spatial variations at cruising altitude over Asia aboard Japan Airlines passenger aircraft.

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Études du Corpus des inscriptions du Campā. V. The Short Foundation Inscriptions of Prakāśadharman-Vikrāntavarman, King of Campā

Indo-Iranian Journal ◽

10.1163/15728536-13560307 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 56 (3-4) ◽

pp. 419-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dominic Goodall ◽

Arlo Griffiths

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

South Asia ◽

Fifteenth Century ◽

Religious History ◽

Point Of View ◽

Seventh Century ◽

Present Contribution ◽

Group Of Seven ◽

South And Southeast Asia ◽

History Of

The string of territories called Campā, lying in what is today Vietnam, has yielded about two hundred and fifty inscriptions spanning over ten centuries, from ca. 400 well into the fifteenth century ce. These inscriptions have not yet drawn much attention from the point of view of the shared religious history of South and Southeast Asia. In the present contribution, we focus on a group of seven short Sanskrit inscriptions issued by a king named Prakāśadharman-Vikrāntavarman who ruled in the seventh century. A careful reading of these texts, in parallel with related Sanskrit texts from South Asia, reveals something of the intellectual and religious cosmopolis of which the poets behind these inscriptions were a part, suggesting for instance that tantric Śaiva scriptures had reached Campā by the late seventh century.

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Guiding the Possibility of Conduct: A Reading of ‘Rama-Katha’

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v7i11.10117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Sini K.S

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

20Th Century ◽

Story Line ◽

The Past ◽

South And Southeast Asia ◽

Modern Thought

Ramayana is not a solo entity. The number of Ramayanas and the range of their influence in South and Southeast Asia over the past twenty-five hundred years or more are astonishing. Different versions of Rama story are available. We can trace the story line in Burma, Thailand, Japan, Oman etc. But from 20th century, from the time modern thought of learning came into practice, Valmiki Ramayana and Ramcharitmanas started gaining unprecedented importance.

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