scholarly journals Imprint of a dissolved cobalt basaltic source on the Kerguelen Plateau

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 7291-7312
Author(s):  
J. Bown ◽  
M. Boye ◽  
P. Laan ◽  
A. R. Bowie ◽  
Y.-H. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
External Input ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Kerguelen Plateau ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Heard Island ◽  
Shelf Sediments ◽  
Lateral Advection

Abstract. Processes of cobalt (Co) entrainment from shelf sediments over the Kerguelen Plateau were studied during the KEOPS (Kerguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study) in order to explain the exceptionally high dissolved cobalt concentrations that have been measured in the surface waters above the Kerguelen Plateau, and in intermediate and deep waters above its eastern slope. Lateral advection and dissolution of Co contained in basalt sediments around Heard Island, a main source of lithogenic Co in the study area, were shown to imprint the process of surface enrichment over the plateau. Dissolved Co enrichment was strongest at the intercept of the eastern slope with intermediate and deep waters, probably due to more efficient mobilisation of the sediments in the slope current, in addition to advection of Co-enriched and low oxygenated ocean water-masses. In surface waters, strong sedimentary Co inputs were estimated to be much higher than biological Co uptake in phytoplankton blooms, underlining the potential role of cobalt as lithogenic tracer. Based on a simple, steady state balance equation of the external input of dissolved iron over the plateau, the fertilization of iron inferred by using Co as a tracer of basalt sources is estimated to be 28 × 102 ± 21 × 102 ton yr−1 in surface waters of the Kerguelen Plateau. This estimate is consistent with preceding ones and the required iron supply matching the phytoplankton demand.

scholarly journals Imprint of a dissolved cobalt basaltic source on the Kerguelen Plateau

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 5279-5290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bown ◽  
M. Boye ◽  
P. Laan ◽  
A. R. Bowie ◽  
Y.-H. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
External Input ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Kerguelen Plateau ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Shelf Sediments ◽  
Lateral Advection

Abstract. Processes of cobalt (Co) entrainment from shelf sediments over the Kerguelen Plateau were studied during the KEOPS (Kerguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study) in order to explain the exceptionally high dissolved cobalt concentrations that have been measured in the surface waters above the Kerguelen Plateau, and in intermediate and deep waters above its eastern slope. Lateral advection and dissolution of Co contained in basalt sediments around Heard Island, a main source of lithogenic Co in the study area, were shown to imprint the process of surface enrichment over the plateau. Dissolved Co enrichment was strongest at the intercept of the eastern slope with intermediate and deep waters, probably due to more efficient mobilisation of the sediments in the slope current, in addition to advection of Co-enriched and low-oxygenated ocean water masses. In surface waters, the strong sedimentary Co inputs were estimated to be much higher than biological Co uptake in phytoplankton blooms, underlining the potential use of dissolved cobalt as tracer of the natural iron fertilization above the Kerguelen Plateau. Based on a simple steady-state balance equation of the external input of dissolved iron over the plateau, the fertilization of iron inferred by using dissolved Co as a tracer of basalt sources is estimated to be 28 × 102 ± 21 × 102 t yr−1 in surface waters of the Kerguelen Plateau. This estimate is consistent with preceding ones (Zhang et al., 2008; Chever et al., 2010), and the calculated iron supply matches with the phytoplankton demand (Sarthou et al., 2008).

scholarly journals An iron budget during the natural iron fertilisation experiment KEOPS (Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean)

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 6803-6837 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chever ◽  
G. Sarthou ◽  
E. Bucciarelli ◽  
S. Blain ◽  
A. R. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Heard Island ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Particulate Iron ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Iron Pool ◽  
Lateral Advection ◽  
Very High

Abstract. Total dissolvable iron (TDFe) was measured in the water column above and in the surrounding of the Kerguelen Plateau (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) during the KErguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study (KEOPS) cruise. TDFe concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 65.6 nmol L−1 above the plateau and from 0.34 to 2.23 nmol L−1 offshore of the plateau. Station C1 located south of the plateau, near Heard Island, exhibited very high values (329–770 nmol L−1). Apparent particulate iron (Feapp), calculated as the difference between the TDFe and the dissolved iron measured on board (DFe) represented 95±5% of the TDFe above the plateau, suggesting that particles and refractory colloids largely dominated the iron pool. This paper presents a budget of DFe and Feapp above the plateau. Lateral advection of water that had been in contact with the continental shelf of Heard Island seems to be the predominant source of Feapp and DFe above the plateau, with a supply of 9.7±2.3×106 and 8.3±6.7×103 mol d−1, respectively. The residence times of 1.7 and 48 days estimated for Feapp and DFe, respectively, indicate a rapid turnover in the surface water. A comparison between Feapp and total particulate iron (TPFe) suggests that the total dissolved fraction is mainly constituted of small refractory colloids. This fraction does not seem to be a potential source of iron to the phytoplankton in our study. Finally, when taking into account the lateral supply of dissolved iron, the seasonal carbon sequestration efficiency was estimated at 154 000 mol C (mol Fe)−1, which is 4-fold lower than the previously estimated value in this area but still 18-fold higher than the one estimated during the other study of a natural iron fertilisation experiment, CROZEX.

scholarly journals An iron budget during the natural iron fertilisation experiment KEOPS (Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chever ◽  
G. Sarthou ◽  
E. Bucciarelli ◽  
S. Blain ◽  
A. R. Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Heard Island ◽  
Natural Iron ◽  
Particulate Iron ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Iron Pool ◽  
Lateral Advection ◽  
Very High

Abstract. Total dissolvable iron (TDFe) was measured in the water column above and in the surrounding of the Kerguelen Plateau (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) during the KErguelen Ocean Plateau compared Study (KEOPS) cruise. TDFe concentrations ranged from 0.90 to 65.6 nmol L−1 above the plateau and from 0.34 to 2.23 nmol L−1 offshore of the plateau. Station C1 located south of the plateau, near Heard Island, exhibited very high values (329–770 nmol L−1). Apparent particulate iron (Feapp), calculated as the difference between the TDFe and the dissolved iron measured on board (DFe) represented 95±5% of the TDFe above the plateau, suggesting that particles and refractory colloids largely dominated the iron pool. This paper presents a budget of DFe and Feapp above the plateau. Lateral advection of water that had been in contact with the continental shelf of Heard Island seems to be the predominant source of Feapp and DFe above the plateau, with a supply of 9.7±3.6×106 and 8.3±11.6×103 mol d−1, respectively. The residence times of 1.7 and 48 days estimated for Feapp and DFe respectively, indicate a rapid turnover in the surface water. A comparison between Feapp and total particulate iron (TPFe) suggests that the total dissolved fraction is mainly constituted of small refractory colloids. This fraction does not seem to be a potential source of iron to the phytoplankton in our study. Finally, when taking into account the lateral supply of dissolved iron, the seasonal carbon sequestration efficiency was estimated at 154 000 mol C (mol Fe)−1, which is 4-fold lower than the previously estimated value in this area but still 18-fold higher than the one estimated during the other study of a natural iron fertilisation experiment, CROZEX.

scholarly journals Iron budgets for three distinct biogeochemical sites around the Kerguelen Archipelago (Southern Ocean) during the natural fertilisation study, KEOPS-2

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4421-4445 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Bowie ◽  
P. van der Merwe ◽  
F. Quéroué ◽  
T. Trull ◽  
M. Fourquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Iron Supply ◽  
Particulate Iron ◽  
Lateral Advection

Abstract. Iron availability in the Southern Ocean controls phytoplankton growth, community composition and the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the biological pump. The KEOPS-2 (KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study 2) "process study", took place around the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. This is a region naturally fertilised with iron on the scale of hundreds to thousands of square kilometres, producing a mosaic of spring blooms which show distinct biological and biogeochemical responses to fertilisation. This paper presents biogeochemical iron budgets (incorporating vertical and lateral supply, internal cycling, and sinks) for three contrasting sites: an upstream high-nutrient low-chlorophyll reference, over the plateau and in the offshore plume east of the Kerguelen Islands. These budgets show that distinct regional environments driven by complex circulation and transport pathways are responsible for differences in the mode and strength of iron supply, with vertical supply dominant on the plateau and lateral supply dominant in the plume. Iron supply from "new" sources (diffusion, upwelling, entrainment, lateral advection, atmospheric dust) to the surface waters of the plume was double that above the plateau and 20 times greater than at the reference site, whilst iron demand (measured by cellular uptake) in the plume was similar to that above the plateau but 40 times greater than at the reference site. "Recycled" iron supply by bacterial regeneration and zooplankton grazing was a relatively minor component at all sites (< 8 % of new supply), in contrast to earlier findings from other biogeochemical iron budgets in the Southern Ocean. Over the plateau, a particulate iron dissolution term of 2.5 % was invoked to balance the budget; this approximately doubled the standing stock of dissolved iron in the mixed layer. The exchange of iron between dissolved, biogenic particulate and lithogenic particulate pools was highly dynamic in time and space, resulting in a decoupling of the iron supply and carbon export and, importantly, controlling the efficiency of fertilisation.

scholarly journals Influence of intense scavenging on Pa-Th fractionation in the wake of Kerguelen Island (Southern Ocean)

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3187-3201 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Venchiarutti ◽  
M. Roy-Barman ◽  
R. Freydier ◽  
P. van Beek ◽  
M. Souhaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Horizontal Gradient ◽  
Kerguelen Plateau ◽  
Local Boundary ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
Lateral Advection ◽  
Dissolved Phase ◽  
Boundary Scavenging

Abstract. Dissolved and particulate excess 230Th and 231Pa concentrations (noted 230Thxs and 231Paxs respectively) and 231Paxs/230Thxs activity ratios were investigated on and out of the Kerguelen plateau (Southern Ocean) in the framework of the Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study project in order to better understand the influence of particle flux and particle chemistry and advection on the scavenging of 231Pa. In the wake of Kerguelen, particulate 231Paxs is relatively abundant compared to its content in the dissolved phase. This, together with the low fractionation observed between 230Th and 231Pa (FTh/Pa ranging from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 1.6 ± 0.2) reflects the domination of the biogenic silica in the particle pool. Along the eastern escarpment of the Kerguelen plateau, the strong 231Paxs horizontal gradient in the deep waters highlights the intense removal of 231Pa at depth, as already observed for 230Thxs. This local boundary scavenging was attributed to re-suspension of opal-rich particles by nepheloid layers, resulting in fractionation factors FTh/Pa ≤ 1 along the Kerguelen plateau slope. Therefore, both the composition (biogenic opal) and the flux (intense along the margin) of particles control the scavenging of the two radionuclides in the Kerguelen wake. The modelling of 231Pa distribution with an advection-scavenging model demonstrates that lateral advection of open ocean water on the Kerguelen plateau could supply most of the 231Pa, which is then efficiently scavenged on the highly productive plateau, as previously proposed for 230Thxs. It stresses that lateral advection can play a significant role in the overall budget of particle reactive trace elements in a coastal-open ocean system.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Si cycle using isotopes in an iron-fertilized zone of the Southern Ocean: from mixed-layer supply to export

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 6049-6066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivia Closset ◽  
Damien Cardinal ◽  
Mathieu Rembauville ◽  
François Thil ◽  
Stéphane Blain
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycle ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Kerguelen Plateau ◽  
Fractionation Factor

Abstract. A massive diatom bloom forms annually in the surface waters of the naturally iron-fertilized Kerguelen Plateau (Southern Ocean). In this study, silicon isotopic signatures (δ30Si) of silicic acid (DSi) and suspended biogenic silica (BSi) were investigated through the whole water column with unprecedented spatial resolution, during the KEOPS-2 experiment (spring 2011). We used δ30Si measurements to track the sources of silicon that fuelled the bloom, and investigated the seasonal evolution of the Si biogeochemical cycle in the iron-fertilized area. We compared the results from stations with various degrees of iron enrichment and bloom conditions to an HNLC reference station. Dissolved and particulate δ30Si signatures were highly variable in the upper 500 m, reflecting the effect of intense silicon utilization in spring, while they were quite homogeneous in deeper waters. The Si isotopic and mass balance identified a unique Winter Water (WW) Si source for the iron-fertilized area that originated from southeast of the Kerguelen Plateau and spread northward. When the WW reached a retroflection of the Polar Front (PF), the δ30Si composition of the silicic acid pool became progressively heavier. This would result from sequential diapycnal and isopycnal mixings between the initial WW and ML water masses, highlighting the strong circulation of surface waters that defined this zone. When comparing the results from the two KEOPS expeditions, the relationship between DSi depletion, BSi production, and their isotopic composition appears decoupled in the iron-fertilized area. This seasonal decoupling could help to explain the low apparent fractionation factor observed in the ML at the end of summer. Taking into account these considerations, we refined the seasonal net BSi production in the ML of the iron-fertilized area to 3.0 ± 0.3 mol Si m−2 yr−1, which was exclusively sustained by surface water phytoplankton populations. These insights confirm that the isotopic composition of dissolved and particulate silicon is a promising tool to improve our understanding of the Si biogeochemical cycle since the isotopic and mass balance allows resolution of processes in the Si cycle (i.e. uptake, dissolution, mixing).

Nutrients, Chlorophyll, and Internal Tides in the St. Lawrence Estuary

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2747-2757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Therriault ◽  
Guy Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Internal Tides ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Phosphate Nitrate ◽  
St Lawrence Estuary

Tide-dependent variations of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and chlorophyll a support the existence of internal tides (longitudinal and transversal) in the St. Lawrence estuary. Vertical oscillations of the poorly oxygenated and nutrient-rich intermediate and deep waters of the estuary have been documented at the head of the Laurentian Channel, the region in which the internal tides are thought to be generated. Penetration of intermediate waters (high-nutrient and low-oxygen concentrations) beyond the Laurentian Channel associated with the internal tides and linked with an intense mixing process in the upstream region permits the nutrient enrichment of the surface waters and their eventual advection in the seaward direction.

scholarly journals Sources and mechanisms of seawater freshening at the Tsivol’ki and Sedov’ bays (Novaya Zemlya): isotope (δD, δ18О) data

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 928-938
Author(s):  
E. O. Dubinina ◽  
S. A. Kossova ◽  
A. Yu. Miroshnikov
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
River Waters ◽  
Fresh Waters ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Continental Runoff ◽  
The Difference

Three-year monitoring of isotope (D, 18О) parameters in the waters of the Sedov and Tsivolki bays (Novaya Zemlya) was carried out. The fresh waters of the bays are originated from several sources (continental runoff, precipitations, and waters going from the archipelago). The freshening extent and sources of fresh waters are different at the different depth. The D and 18О values varies only in the surface waters which contains more than 30% of fresh component. In 2015 the surface waters of Sedov bay were represented by Ob river waters, and the surface waters of Tsivolki bay were enriched by the runoff from Novaya Zemlya. Deep waters in both bays show signs of desalination by high latitude atmospheric precipitations. These waters can be transferred to the southeast coast of Novaya Zemlya through the trenches of St. Anne and Voronin. The difference in the freshening mechanisms of the waters of Sedov and Tsivolka bays is determined by different bottom morphologies and different degrees of free water exchange with the Kara Sea.

Iron plays a role in nitrate drawdown by phytoplankton in Lake Erie surface waters as observed in lake-wide assessments

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya M. Havens ◽  
Christel S. Hassler ◽  
Rebecca L. North ◽  
Stephanie J. Guildford ◽  
Greg Silsbe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Thermal Stratification ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
Phytoplankton Pigment ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Continuous Surface

Phytoplankton interactions with iron (Fe) were examined in surface waters of Lake Erie during summer thermal stratification. Lake-wide sampling in June and September 2005 was conducted using a continuous surface water sampler (1 m sampling depth) and in July at 18 hydrographic stations (5 m sampling depth). In situ measurements of photosynthetic efficiency (maximum quantum yield of photosystem II) and phytoplankton community composition were measured using fast repetition rate fluorometry and a phytoplankton pigment-specific fluorometer, respectively, during June and September. High ratios (73%–85%) of intracellular Fe to particulate Fe coincident with increases in chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the western and central basins in June and July imply that the majority of Fe in these regions was associated with intracellular pools. Correlations between intracellular Fe and Chl a were frequently observed when Heterokontophyta and Pyrrophyta dominated the phytoplankton community. Assimilation of Fe by the phytoplankton strongly influenced its partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phase. Dissolved iron (<0.45 µm) concentrations were proportional to Chl a concentrations and both dissolved iron and Chl a were inversely proportional to nitrate concentrations in July and September, suggesting that dissolved iron influenced both nitrate drawdown and Chl a concentrations in Lake Erie surface waters in summer.

scholarly journals The Mixing Regime and Turbidity of Lake Banyoles (NE Spain): Response to Climate Change

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1621
Author(s):  
Teresa Serra ◽  
Josep Pascual ◽  
Ramon Brunet ◽  
Jordi Colomer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Cooling Trend ◽  
Ne Iberian Peninsula

This study analyses the water temperature changes in Lake Banyoles over the past four decades. Lake Banyoles, Spain’s second highest lake, situated in the western Mediterranean (NE Iberian Peninsula). Over the past 44 years, the warming trend of the lake’s surface waters (0.52 °C decade−1) and the cooling trend of its deep waters (−0.66 °C decade−1) during summer (July–September) have resulted in an increased degree of stratification. Furthermore, the stratification period is currently double that of the 1970s. Meanwhile, over the past two decades, lake surface turbidity has remained constant in summer. Although turbidity did decrease during winter, it still remained higher than in the summer months. This reduction in turbidity is likely associated with the decrease in groundwater input into the lake, which has been caused by a significant decrease in rainfall in the aquifer recharge area that feeds the lake through groundwater sources. As a unique freshwater sentinel lake under the influence of the climate change, Lake Banyoles provides evidence that global warming in the western Mediterranean boosts the strength and duration of the lake’s stratification and, in response, the associated decrease in the turbidity of its epilimnion.

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