Monitoring Pollution of the Tigris River in Baghdad by Studying Physico-Chemical Characteristics

The current study aimed at exploring and identifying pollution indicators of the Tigris River in Baghdad through studying physical and chemical characteristics. Monthly water samples were collected from four locations along the Tigris River in Baghdad for 12 months period. The studied characteristics of the current study included surface water temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate, nitrate, and Sulphate. The results showed that the mean values of all the studied physical and chemical characteristics except pH, temperature, and phosphate were higher than the acceptable limits of the Iraqi river water guidelines and international standards. The current study concluded that the Tigris River water was heavily polluted from untreated sewage discharge and other industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. The study recommended immediate measures to be taken to end the nonstop inflow of sewage and wastes into the Tigris River water from the residential, commercial, and institutional activities in Baghdad.

Nutrient Distribution in Eastern Indonesian Waters

Nutrients are needed for the growth of phytoplankton as a basic component in the marine food web. The concentration of nutrients in waters relates to primary productivity and it will influence fisheries stocks. So far, research on nutrients in the deep sea is rarely carried out in Indonesia. This study aims to determine water quality, horizontal and vertical distribution of nutrients in eastern Indonesian waters, which can be used as baseline data for deep-sea nutrients in Indonesia. The study was conducted from October 29 to November 15, 2017. Sampling was carried out in 20 stations with seven layers. Nutrient measurements were conducted based on Strickland and Parsons (1972). Our results showed that the concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and silicate ranged from 0.000-0.060 mg/l, 0.001-0.321 mg/l, 0.000-0.009 mg/l, 0.004-0.024 mg/l and 0.085-1.090 mg/l, respectively. In general, the highest concentration of nutrients was found in Maluku Sea. The vertical distribution of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate shows that the increasing concentrations as increasing depth, except for nitrite and ammonium. The maximum nitrite concentration appears in the northern area, while the ammonium distribution has homogenous pattern.

Developing Floating Constructed Wetland in Laboratory Scale as Domestic Waste Contaminant Reductor in Urban Waters

Low awareness of sanitation of urban citizens creates negative effects on the environment which varied. The triggering factors of the phenomenon are education and conservation technology. A conservation technology, eco-technology e.g. constructed wetlands, is proposed to solve the problem. Laboratory work is conducted to obtain comprehensive analysis about floating constructed wetland. The research paper aims to illustrate the efficiency performance of constructed wetlands, with domestic species, in the lab-scaled area from urban wastewater. The constructed wetland media is prepared horizontally. The analysis of its performance leads to a discussion of urban water quality. Samplings and laboratory tests are conducted to examine pH, phosphorus, nitrogen, suspended solids, conductivity, COD, and BOD. The benefit of Nasturtium officinale as FTW media reduce phosphate, nitrate, and BOD as 100% in 14 days. The discharge simulation during 14 days reduce TDS and TSS as 100%.

MESMO 3: Flexible phytoplankton stoichiometry and refractory dissolved organic matter

We describe the third version of Minnesota Earth System Model for Ocean biogeochemistry (MESMO 3), an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, with a dynamical ocean, dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice, and an energy–moisture-balanced atmosphere. A major feature of version 3 is the flexible C:N:P ratio for the three phytoplankton functional types represented in the model. The flexible stoichiometry is based on the power law formulation with environmental dependence on phosphate, nitrate, temperature, and light. Other new features include nitrogen fixation, water column denitrification, oxygen and temperature-dependent organic matter remineralization, and CaCO3 production based on the concept of the residual nitrate potential growth. In addition, we describe the semi-labile and refractory dissolved organic pools of C, N, P, and Fe that can be enabled in MESMO 3 as an optional feature. The refractory dissolved organic matter can be degraded by photodegradation at the surface and hydrothermal vent degradation at the bottom. These improvements provide a basis for using MESMO 3 in further investigations of the global marine carbon cycle to changes in the environmental conditions of the past, present, and future.

Evaluation of the Conditions of Mamberamo River Water with Biomass and Phytoplankton Community Approach

HighlightThe highest composition was Bacillariophyceae class and lowest was Cyanophyceae.Phytoplankton community abundance in waters is tightly related with nutrient content such as phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and other nutrients.Relation between abundance, biomass, and nutrients in Mamberamo river had the same pattern throughout February, May, and August in 2016.High biomass in an area related positively with phytoplankton abundance in its area.AbstractMemberamo River in Papua Province, that is a place of livelihood for the surrounding population, has a high biodiversity. This study aimed to provide information about the condition of the waters in the Mamberamo River by using biological and chemical parameters, namely community and phytoplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a content. The method used in determining the location was purposive random sampling based on differences in microhabitat that conducted in February, March, August, and October 2016. Phytoplankton observations were carried out through the method of sweeping Sediment Rafter (SR), and phytoplankton biomass obtained from chlorophyll-a. The results of this study showed three classes of phytoplankton were found, namely Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. The highest class of abundance was found in the river such as Bacillariophycea Chlorophyceae, and Cyanophyceae respectively. The chlorophyll-a concentration of phytoplankton biomass ranged from 2.01-548.73 mg/l and equation obtained from regression analysis between abundance and chlorophyll-a content was y = 1.2206 x – 0.7702 with a coefficient of determination r = 0.68. It could be concluded that the high phytoplankton biomass had a positive relationship with the chlorophyll-a content and the condition of the waters of the Mamberamo River is still categorized as good with good water fertility

Analisis Kualitas Perairan Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara Berdasarkan Parameter Fisika-Kimia Air Laut

Bolaang Mongondow waters in North Sulawesi is very important estuarine waters due to both land and ocean influenced oceanographic conditions. Observations of water quality along Bolaang Mongondow coast-line have been carried out in February 2019. This study aim to analyze the quality of sea water based on the physico-chemical parameters of Bolaang Mongondow waters. The parameters observed includes temperature, the clarity of water, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, nitrate and PH. Samplings were conducted using Nansen tube on the surface layer (0-1 m) and near the bottom (> 15 m) on 9 research stations along Bolaang Mongondow coast-line. Measurements of temperature, salinity, brightness and pH are carried out in situ. Dissolved oxygen was measured via electrochemical method using AZ 8563 DO meter. Phosphate and nitrate were analyzed according to the light transmission method by using the 'Nicolet Evolution 100' spectrophotometer. The results obtained are water temperature ranging from 28.6-29.3 oC; salinity 28.0-32.5 o/oo; water clarity of 7.0-14.5 m; pH 7.36-7.80; dissolved oxygen 4.83-6.41 ppm; phosphate 0,005-0,0230 mg/l and nitrate 0,005-0,0090 mg/l. The statistical analysis using t-test showed that phosphate and dissolved oxygen in the water surface and close to the bottom of water were significantly different (t-hit> t-tab). The calculated index poluion calculation shows that the waters of Bolaang Mongondow ranged between unpolluted and lightly polluted. Variations in temperature, water clarity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate and pH obtained in this study are still adequate to sustain marine life. Perairan Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara adalah perairan estuari yang mempunyai peran penting karena kondisi oseanografi dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas yang di berasal dari daratan maupun laut. Pengamatan kualitas air laut di wilayah perairan Bolaang Mongondow telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Februari 2019. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengukur kualitas perairan berdasarkan parameter fisik-kimia air laut. Parameter yang diteliti meliputi suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, oksigen terlarut, fosfat, nitrat, dan pH . Sampel air laut diambil menggunakan tabung Nansen pada lapisan kedalaman permukaan air (0-1 m) dan perairan yang mendekati dasar (> 15 m) pada 9 stasiun penelitian. Pengukuran suhu, kecerahan, salinitas dan pH dilakukan secara langsung di lapangan. Pengukuran oksigen terlarut, fosfat dan nitrat dilakukan di laboratorium dengan metode elektrokimia menggunakan DO meter AZ-8563. Untuk oksigen terlarut dan metode transmisi cahaya dengan alat spektrofotometer ‘Nicolet Evolution 100’ untuk fosfat dan nitrat. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu suhu air berkisar antara 28,6-29,3 oC; salinitas 28,0-32,5 o/oo; kecerahan 7,0-14,5 m; pH 7,36-7,80; oksigen terlarut 4,83-6,41 ppm; fosfat 0,005-0,0230 mg/l dan nitrat 0,005-0,0090 mg/l. Oksigen terlarut dan fosfat yang terdapat di permukaan dan dekat dasar laut menunjukkan adanya perbedaan nyata (t-hit>t-tab) dengan menggunakan analisis uji t. Berdasarkan nilai indeks pencemaran menunjukkan perairan Bolaang Mongondow berada dalam kondisi baik hingga tercemar ringan. Variasi suhu, kecerahan, salinitas, oksigen terlarut, fosfat, nitrat dan PH yang diperoleh masih berada dalam kisaran angka normal untuk kehidupan biota laut.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Mayur River in Khulna City

River water quality is one of the foremost concerns now a days as it plays a significant role in human and aquatic life. Mayur River, located on the northwestern side of the Khulna city, is important from numerous points of view like freshwater reservoir, navigation, water source for irrigation, ground for fishing and the main wastewater route of Khulna city. However along with human interruption, the unplanned and untreated crude dumping of domestic, industrial and household waste into it, the natural flow of the river is totally retarded and the river water quality has been degraded on a large scale due to water pollution. This pollution has colossal negative impact on day to day life of the inhabitants living alongside of this river as they use this water for domestic and sometimes drinking purposes. That is where the significance of assessing the water quality of Mayur River has come from. The core objectives of this study is to assess the water quality of Mayur River and to develop a model using statistical analysis between water quality parameters (WQP) and water quality index (WQI) to interpret relationship among them. Water quality was assessed on the basis of WQI calculation using National Sanitary Foundation water quality index method. The temporal WQI value showed that the water quality in Mayur River got worse in dry season than that of wet season due to dilution. Much higher values were obtained in case of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total solids (TS), chloride, phosphate, nitrate and fecal coliform (FC). Pearson correlation coefficient shows negative relationship among temporal average WQI with other parameters except pH. Regression analysis indicates that 99.7% proportion of variance of dependent variable (temporal average WQI) can be predicted from the independent variables (Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation), BOD, turbidity, TS, pH, temperature change, phosphate, nitrate and FC). Total nine prediction equations were formed using regression coefficients that may be helpful to predict the WQI on the basis of WQP in future.

MESMO 3: Flexible phytoplankton stoichiometry and refractory DOM

We describe the third version of Minnesota Earth System Model for Ocean biogeochemistry (MESMO 3), an earth system model of intermediate complexity, with a dynamical ocean, a dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice, and an energy moisture balanced atmosphere. A major feature of Version 3 is the flexible C : N : P ratio for the three phytoplankton functional types represented in the model. The flexible stoichiometry is based on the power law formulation with environmental dependence on phosphate, nitrate, temperature, and light. Other new features include nitrogen fixation, water column denitrification, oxygen and temperature-dependent organic matter remineralization, and CaCO3 production based on the concept of the residual nitrate potential growth. Also, we describe the semi-labile and refractory dissolved organic pools of C, N, P, and Fe that can be enabled in MEMSO 3 as an optional feature. The refractory dissolved organic matter can be degraded by photodegradation at the surface and hydrothermal vent degradation at the bottom. These improvements provide a basis for using MESMO 3 in further investigations of the global marine carbon cycle to changes in the environmental conditions of the past, present, and future.