A DPSIR analysis of aeolian sand dune mobilization along the coast of Manawatu-Wanganui in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwan Sampath ◽  
Joana Gaspar de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Coastal System ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Sand Drift ◽  
Exotic Vegetation

<p>Coastal sand dunes are multifunctional landscapes with rich biodiversity and provide ecological goods and services. They play a dual role as a sediment sink or a source to maintain the long-term stability of a coastal system. These landscapes have been affected by human settlements, economic activities and recreational purposes. Sand dunes in the Manawatu-Wanganui region, in New Zealand, have been subjected to such forcings during Maori settlements and, in particular, since the establishment of Europeans since 1840. Consequently, dunes have evolved from a transgressive system to a parabolic one, while the rate of dune drifting is still observed to be one of the highest in the world.</p><p>Because this was a problem for populations living in the area, there were several attempts to arrest dune drifting. Using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) cyclic framework, we analyzed these interventions during two-time frames: 1) from the 19th to 20th century and 2) during the early 21st century. We checked for data in historical records and literature including the Parliamentary debates of New Zealand. Historical evolutionary trends were inferred by analyzing a series of maps since 1773. The present-day impacts were derived from a series of georeferenced google images from 1983 using the ESRI ArcGIS tools. The coastal management responses were obtained through scientific literature and reports of the Horizon Regional Council.</p><p>According to the analysis, drivers of dune drift before the 21st century were 1) settlements resulting in burning shrubs, deforestation, grazing, agriculture, mining, and building, 2) introduction of non-native animals. The pressures were: 1) mobile dunes and 2) blowouts. The assessment of the state of the environment included: 1) soil fertility, 2) habitat quality, 3) river navigability and 4) air quality. The assessed impacts were 1) increase of wasteland and loss of fertility, 2) foredune erosion, 3) impact on transportation and 4) creation of swamps as river mouths were closed. The management responses included 1) introduction of 1903 and 1908 Sand Drift acts for reclamation of affected areas, 2) introduction of exotic vegetation (e.g. Marram grass) and 3) foredune building using sand trapping fences.</p><p>The main drivers of the 21st century are 1) intensive urbanization, 2) introduction of exotic vegetation and 3) global fossil fuel burning. The invasive character of marram resulted in the loss of biodiversity. The coastline erosion due to sea-level rise during the 21st century will be moderated due to its progradational nature. The study revealed a significant spatial variability of the rate of dune drift. The responses include 1) a consolidated “One Plan” as mandated by 1991 Resource Management Act; 2) removal of exotic vegetation to support native biodiversity by enhancing natural processes of dunes (a paradigm shift in dune management); 3) enhancing awareness while encouraging the public participation in mitigating measures.</p><p>In conclusion, historical data combined with DPSIR framework tools showed that management interventions should be implemented considering long-term and interdisciplinary analysis to better understand the systems’ evolution and the full consequences of human actions.</p>

scholarly journals Beyond Westminster: thinking the Aotearoa/New Zealand way of governing

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Ryan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand

Something intriguing is going on within the political executive. In response to emerging conditions of governing in the late 20th and early 21st century in countries like New Zealand, some public servants are acting in new ways that are quite different from certain key prescriptions of the traditional, Westminster-derived constitutional framework on which our polity is based. This paper identifies some of these changes and considers their implications.

scholarly journals A Sample Book Of Late 20th And Early 21st Century Expired Silver Gelatin Photographic Papers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Guillemette
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Long Term Preservation

In this applied thesis project, a sample booklet of various expired silver gelatin papers is created. Specific information on the use of expired photographic papers by contemporary photographers is discussed as well as insights from collection caretakers (collection managers/archivists/conservators) on the possible implications that printing with expired silver gelatin papers may have for the long-term preservation of photographic works. The major contribution of this thesis is to create and gain a better understanding of tools that can be used in the characterisation and identification of expired silver gelatin papers. It is also to demonstrate that a tactile tool such as the sample booklet can assist in identifying various deterioration events. I feel that it is important to have a hands-on source that can be used independently or collectively with other sources such as web-based visual identification tools. The booklet will be useful as an educational tool for students, collection care takers, as well as professionals in the photographic field.

scholarly journals Profesor Kazimierz Nitsch i jego językoznawcze środowisko we wspomnieniach studentki z lat 50. XX w.

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Zieniukowa
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Slavic Linguistics ◽  
Team Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academic Teacher

Professor Kazimierz Nitsch and His Linguistic Milieu in the Memories of a Student from 1950sThe paper discusses the history of Polish and Slavic linguistics in Poland in the 20th century, with a special regard to dialectology. In the centre of its attention lies the Cracow (Cracow-Lviv) linguistic school of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch. The author describes it primarily on the basis of personal scientific contact (in the middle of the 20th century) with the father of Polish dialectology, Professor K. Nitsch, and a team of researchers from his Department of Atlas and Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Cracow, Mikołajska street). She looks back at the seminar Nitsch held for researchers, which she attended as a Master’s student at the Jagiellonian University. She presents Professor as a researcher, organizer of team research, academic teacher, as well as a scientific guide, a scholar, and author of linguistic publications in various periods of the 20th century. She draws particular attention to Nitsch’s pioneering works on Kashubian and other Pomeranian dialects. The paper also talks about the long-term radiation of Professor Nitsch’s scientific school, and how his students from various generations – such as Zdzisław Stieber, Nitsch’s student from 1920s, his colleague, and later a creator of a linguistic school himself – as well as students of his students greatly contributed to the advancement of Polish linguistics in the 20th and early 21st century.

scholarly journals Managing Coastal Sand Drift in the Anthropocene: A Case Study of the Manawatū-Whanganui Dune Field, New Zealand, 1800s–2020s

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dissanayake Mudiyanselage Ruwan Sampath ◽  
James Beattie ◽  
Joana Gaspar de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
First Century ◽  
Dune Field ◽  
Holistic Management ◽  
Sand Drift

In the Anthropocene, dunes act as a natural defence from sea-level rise and storm surges while providing ‘ecosystem’ services. This article uses scientific and historical data to examine the Manawatū-Whanganui dune field in New Zealand from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century. Dunes that were destabilised due to European settlements and their activities were drifting inland causing social, economic and political problems. Attempts to prevent dune mobility occurred at the time in many parts of the world. Thus, knowledge was shared between countries through experts and migrants. The consequences of the implemented solutions and new environmental conditions mean that dunes are still a major issue in the region. A comparative analysis of historical and present-day dune management practices provides a better understanding of long-term dune drift. In conclusion, interdisciplinary analyses of long-term relations between dunes and society must be taken into account for their holistic management.

scholarly journals Image of time in language consciousness of Russians and the Japanese

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Alexei D. Palkin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Time Image ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Perception of the image of time in Russian and Japanese linguocultures is analysed. An association experiment has become the main experimental method. Three samplings are under consideration: that of Russians of the early 1990s, that of Russians of the early 21st century, and that of the Japanese of the early 21st century. Russians and the Japanese share general human values, but cultural differences stand out in association reactions of Russian and Japanese respondents. The experimental material available shows that the Japanese are more time-conscious than Russians. The Japanese tend to consider things in a long-term perspective, while for Russians a medium-term perspective is more urgent. The specificity of hieroglyphs leads the Japanese to perceiving a close connection between time and space, while the Russian language does not provide clues of the kind, which results in fewer reactions indicating space in Russian samplings. The paper argues that the perception of time image has altered in the Russian linguoculture recently. Russians of the early 1990s lost their axiological targets in the turmoil of the Soviet Union collapse, which is not characteristic of the 21st century Russians, who started to regain their emotional stability.

scholarly journals A Sample Book Of Late 20th And Early 21st Century Expired Silver Gelatin Photographic Papers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Guillemette
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Long Term Preservation

In this applied thesis project, a sample booklet of various expired silver gelatin papers is created. Specific information on the use of expired photographic papers by contemporary photographers is discussed as well as insights from collection caretakers (collection managers/archivists/conservators) on the possible implications that printing with expired silver gelatin papers may have for the long-term preservation of photographic works. The major contribution of this thesis is to create and gain a better understanding of tools that can be used in the characterisation and identification of expired silver gelatin papers. It is also to demonstrate that a tactile tool such as the sample booklet can assist in identifying various deterioration events. I feel that it is important to have a hands-on source that can be used independently or collectively with other sources such as web-based visual identification tools. The booklet will be useful as an educational tool for students, collection care takers, as well as professionals in the photographic field.

scholarly journals Without Distinguishing Color or Profession: Culture, Vatican II and the Long-Term Development of Credit Institutions in Bolivia

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 202-233
Author(s):  
Brian Norris
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
New Era ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Credit Institutions

By the late 20th and early 21st century, credit institutions in Bolivia had become more complex, resilient and popular that at any time previously in its history. Traditional economics analyses emphasize incentives created by laws such as those promulgated by the Kemmerer mission in Bolivia in the 1920s and 30s, or material factors, such as transportation costs. Yet neither of these explanations offers a compelling explanation for the magnitude of the flourishing of popular and complex credit institutions in Bolivia after the 1960s. Cultural changes, however, might offer a compelling complement to legal and material explanations of credit development. Vatican II represented an important mass change in Bolivian culture, and institutions associated with these reforms ushered in a new era of credit institution development in the country.A finales del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI, las instituciones crediticias en Bolivia se volvieron más complejas, elásticas y populares que en cualquier otro momento de su historia. Los análisis económicos tradicionales ponen de relieve los incentivos creados por leyes como las promulgadas por la misión Kemmerer en Bolivia en las décadas de 1920 y 1930, o factores materiales, tales como los costos de transporte. Con todo, ninguna de estas explicaciones ofrece una explicación convincente de la importancia del florecimiento de instituciones crediticias populares y complejas en Bolivia después de la década de 1960.  No obstante, los cambios culturales podrían ofrecer un complemento de peso a las explicaciones legales y materiales del desarrollo del crédito. El Concilio Vaticano II representa un importante cambio en la cultura boliviana, y las instituciones asociadas con sus reformas marcan el comienzo de una nueva era en el desarrollo de la institución crediticia en el país.             

scholarly journals Perspective Chapter: Water, Natural Disasters and Socio-Economic Development in the Early 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Vaquero Piñeiro ◽  
Paola de Salvo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
First Case ◽  
Socio Economic Development

This chapter investigates the complex relationship between socio-economic development and environmental sustainability by focusing on one of the most vital natural phenomena: the water cycle. Considering the current public awareness of climate change and the growing number of natural disasters, focusing on this topic provides a better understanding of weaknesses and bottlenecks that 21st-century society faces daily. This work presents three case studies, different from each other but conceptually interconnected. The first case concerns the situation of lakes in the world, whose water in many cases is at risk of disappearing. In the second instance, we present the growing socio-economic risks generated by floods. Nowadays, floods play a fundamental role in influencing socio-economic development due to the dislocation of economic activities in Southeast Asian countries. Finally, we discuss desertification affecting large areas of the African continent. One aspect of great interest is the Grande Muraille Verte project promoted by numerous countries. Reforestation of large arid areas is the main issue; the attempt is to support local communities to implement agricultural and livestock activities. Socio-economic and environmental sustainability and resilience are the main challenges that countries, regions and local communities are facing.

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