Application of QMRA to MAR operations for safe agricultural reuse and marine recreational impacts in coastal areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costantino Masciopinto ◽  
Michele Vurro ◽  
Nicola Lorusso ◽  
Domenico Santoro ◽  
Charles N. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Fractured Aquifer ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Pathogen Transport ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

<p>The Municipality of Fasano (Puglia, Italy), i.e. owning one of 32 managed aquifer recharge (MAR) sites in operation in the Puglia region, has pioneered the reuse of tertiary-treated municipal effluent for both soil irrigations and the containment of seawater intrusion via groundwater recharge by ditches.</p><p>In this work, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) methodologies have been applied to assess the degree of safety associated with such integrated practices by assessing the risks for public health resulting from the exposure to the reclaimed water. Escherichia coli (E.coli) dose-response model was used in this work since the pathogenic E.coli is reported to potentially occur in reclaimed water obtained from treated municipal effluents. The target count of pathogens ingested during swimming or inoculated by contaminated (uncooked) vegetables and fruits, was determined from the Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) Bayesian procedure applied to the results obtained from a monitoring campaign carried out in 2019. An optimization routine was applied in order to determine the most probable target pathogen count by minimizing the number of water samplings. The monitoring positions along the coast were defined by means of mathematical modeling, which highlighted the preferential pathways followed by pathogens when released into the fractured aquifer at a recharge operation flow rate of 10-30 L/s.</p><p>QMRA results indicated a negligible risk impact (12% probability of 0.4 infections per year) for soil irrigation practices and no impact on the seawater quality as a result of the additional treatment barrier provided by the so-called "soil-aquifer treatment" during the pathogen transport through the fractures of groundwater.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for water re-use via aquifers

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Declan Page ◽  
Simon Toze
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risks

Worldwide, there is an increasing interest in the recharge of aquifers as a method for augmenting urban water supplies. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can utilise a variety of non-traditional source waters including urban stormwater and reclaimed water from sewage effluent. However, these alternate water sources may contain a wide range of pathogenic hazards that pose risks to human health. Hence the safe use of recycling water via aquifers requires potential risks to be reduced to acceptable levels. This article outlines the approach recommended by the draft Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (AGWR) (Phase 2C Managed Aquifer Recharge) to quantify the aquifer treatment using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach.

scholarly journals Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Models for Consumption of Raw Vegetables Irrigated with Reclaimed Water

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 3284-3290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Hamilton ◽  
Frank Stagnitti ◽  
Robert Premier ◽  
Anne-Maree Boland ◽  
Glenn Hale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Risk Assessment Models ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Annual Risk

ABSTRACT Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for estimating the annual risk of enteric virus infection associated with consuming raw vegetables that have been overhead irrigated with nondisinfected secondary treated reclaimed water were constructed. We ran models for several different scenarios of crop type, viral concentration in effluent, and time since last irrigation event. The mean annual risk of infection was always less for cucumber than for broccoli, cabbage, or lettuce. Across the various crops, effluent qualities, and viral decay rates considered, the annual risk of infection ranged from 10−3 to 10−1 when reclaimed-water irrigation ceased 1 day before harvest and from 10−9 to 10−3 when it ceased 2 weeks before harvest. Two previously published decay coefficients were used to describe the die-off of viruses in the environment. For all combinations of crop type and effluent quality, application of the more aggressive decay coefficient led to annual risks of infection that satisfied the commonly propounded benchmark of ≤10−4, i.e., one infection or less per 10,000 people per year, providing that 14 days had elapsed since irrigation with reclaimed water. Conversely, this benchmark was not attained for any combination of crop and water quality when this withholding period was 1 day. The lower decay rate conferred markedly less protection, with broccoli and cucumber being the only crops satisfying the 10−4 standard for all water qualities after a 14-day withholding period. Sensitivity analyses on the models revealed that in nearly all cases, variation in the amount of produce consumed had the most significant effect on the total uncertainty surrounding the estimate of annual infection risk. The models presented cover what would generally be considered to be worst-case scenarios: overhead irrigation and consumption of vegetables raw. Practices such as subsurface, furrow, or drip irrigation and postharvest washing/disinfection and food preparation could substantially lower risks and need to be considered in future models, particularly for developed nations where these extra risk reduction measures are more common.

Microbiological risks of recycling urban stormwater via aquifers

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1692-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Page ◽  
D. Gonzalez ◽  
P. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Water Systems ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Confined Aquifer ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Detailed Assessment

With the release of the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), aquifers are now being included as a treatment barrier when assessing risk of recycled water systems. A MAR research site recharging urban stormwater in a confined aquifer was used in conjunction with a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment to assess the microbial pathogen risk in the recovered water for different end uses. The assessment involved undertaking a detailed assessment of the treatment steps and exposure controls, including the aquifer, to achieve the microbial health-based targets.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect QMRA of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts in reclaimed water

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Agulló-Barceló ◽  
R. Casas-Mangas ◽  
F. Lucena
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
The Mean

Water scarcity leads to an increased use of reclaimed water, which in turn calls for an improvement in water reclamation procedures to ensure adequate quality of the final effluent. The presence of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts (IOO) in reclaimed water is a health hazard for users of this resource. Here, we gathered information on Cryptosporidium (concentrations, infectivity and genotype) in order to perform quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). Moreover, data concerning the spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC) were used to undertake QMRA at a screening level. Our results show that the probability of infection (PI) by Cryptosporidium depends on the tertiary treatment type. The mean PI using the exponential dose-response model was 3.69 × 10−6 in tertiary effluents (TE) treated with UV light, whereas it was 3 log10 units higher, 1.89 × 10−3, in TE not treated with this disinfection method. With the β-Poisson model, the mean PI was 1.56 × 10−4 in UV-treated TE and 2 log10 units higher, 4.37 × 10−2, in TE not treated with UV. The use of SRC to perform QMRA of Cryptosporidium showed higher PI than when using directly IOO data. This observation suggests the former technique is a conservative method of QMRA.

scholarly journals Long-term study of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment in surface waters of Arizona in the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hodon Ryu ◽  
Morteza Abbaszadegan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Giardia Infection ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
The Usa

A four-year systematic study of microbial water quality in the surface waters of central Arizona was performed. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of microbial pathogens and indicators in the waters. A total of 192 water samples from five sites were analyzed for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and various microbial and physical indicators. Ten percent (16/162) of the samples collected using EnviroChek filters were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, whereas no oocysts (<1 in 5 L) were detected in the grab samples (0/30). Giardia cysts were detected in 10% (3/30) of the grab samples and in 27% (44/162) samples collected using EnviroChek filters. Mean concentrations of oocysts in the source waters at the treatment plants were lower than the Bin 1 category of the USEPA Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; therefore no additional treatment is required by the plants. The annual risks of infection from Cryptosporidium met the annual acceptable risk of 10−4 at all sampling sites, whereas the risks of Giardia infection at the Verde River and the Salt River were 5.70E-04 and 2.66E-04, respectively.

Enteric virus presence in green vegetables and associated irrigation waters in a rural area from Argentina. A quantitative microbial risk assessment

LWT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 111201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prez Verónica Emilse ◽  
Victoria Matías ◽  
Martínez Laura Cecilia ◽  
Giordano Miguel Oscar ◽  
Masachessi Gisela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Irrigation Waters
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