Evaluation of surface water for agricultural irrigation in Lobalain District, Rote Ndao Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia

The average rice productivity of the Rote Ndao Regency is still below the national rice productivity. The cropping pattern’s lack of management and limited water sources can only be planted once a year. This study aims to determine the availability and quality of surface water used for irrigation with the existing rice-corn-fallow cropping pattern. The research was carried out by measuring discharge in the field, surveying the types and cropping patterns, irrigation area research, surface water quality analysis, and hydrological analysis. The results showed that the need for irrigation water for agriculture in the study area with the current cropping pattern was 0.84 lt/second/ha. Therefore, the existing irrigation area of ±3,762.00 Ha requires a water discharge of ±3.159 m3/second. The availability of surface water in the Lobalain District is low, with a discharge of ±1.598 m3/second. Surface water quality shows the percentage of sodium (Na%) dominated by excellent to permissible class, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) excellent. The existing resource of surface water could not support agricultural irrigation. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative water source such as groundwater.

Dam Break Analysis of Salomekko Dam Using Zhong Xing HY21

Every Dam must have an emergency plan document in which there is a dam collapse analysis. Based on previous research, it is stated that dam collapse often occurs due to runoff and piping. In this case, the Dam that will be studied is Salomekko Dam, located in Bone Regency. Salomekko Dam is located in the Salomekko Hamlet of Ulu Balang Village, Salomekko Subdistrict, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province, which provides water for agricultural irrigation. Analysis of the collapse of the Salomekko Dam was carried out due to overtopping and piping. The stillness of the air overflows through the top of the Dam. At the same time, the piping is caused by seepage in the dam body, which carries the dam material gradually. Analysis of the Salomekko Dam collapse using the Zhong Xing HY21 application can produce maps of flood inundation distribution, flood outflow hydrographs, and flood times. Based on these results, it can also have a hazardous impact to define boundaries of disaster-affected areas.

RECLAMO: Unlocking the potential of wastewater reuse for agricultural irrigation in Spain

Increasing water scarcity is encouraging the use of unconventional water resources. In recent years, the European Union has launched numerous initiatives to promote and facilitate water reuse for agricultural irrigation. Today, the use of reclaimed water for agriculture has become an alternative, reliable and safe source of water supply and an indispensable water planning tool, especially in the area of southern Europe. However, water reuse for irrigation is currently far below its potential. Numerous barriers prevent its development and call for a detailed analysis of the different aspects affecting reclaimed water reuse, through an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. A multidisciplinary research team from Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, consisting of agronomists, hydrologists, chemists and agricultural economists, will work on the RECLAMO Project (https://blogs.upm.es/reclamo/), with the aim of providing solutions and recommendations aimed at promoting the full development and use of reclaimed water for irrigation in areas of Spain with marked water stress. For this purpose, project activities will be developed in two selected case studies (the Segura Basin, leader in water reuse in Spain and the Guadiana Basin, with success stories, but low levels of water reuse) and organised according to five axes: 1) development of a comprehensive knowledge-base covering the regulatory, technical, socio-economic and environmental aspects of reclaimed water reuse in agriculture; 2) participatory development of future scenarios exploring possible strategies, barriers and opportunities, in relation to the expansion of the use of reclaimed water for irrigation; 3) impact analysis of the strategies identified at different scales (crop, farm, (sub-)basin), through the development of an integrated modelling platform (hydrologic-agronomic-economic models); 4) Development of a roadmap and policy recommendations to achieve the full development and use of reclaimed water reuse for irrigation; 5) Dissemination of knowledge and promotion of science-policy-society dialogue. To this end, RECLAMO will collaborate closely with experts and stakeholder groups that will play a key role in the project in co-creating the scenarios and modelling tools and validating the results. The project will also seek for synergies and complementarities with other similar projects and explore new ways of collaborating with companies and research groups that allow research to continue and expand beyond the spatial and temporal limits of the project. RECLAMO’s results will promote an integrated approach to the sustainable management of water resources in water-stressed areas, including reclaimed water management. The integrated modelling platform developed in the project will allow policy-makers and water users to benefit from an improved understanding of the interactions between the social, economic and environmental aspects of water systems, in the context of climate and socio-economic change that will lead to better informed decision-making to address future water challenges. In addition, RECLAMO is expected to contribute to raising awareness about the use of reclaimed water reuse in agriculture as a safe and sustainable practice and to improve its social acceptance by producing science-based knowledge that provide evidence on the benefits derived from its use.

Intelligent Control of Agricultural Irrigation through Water Demand Prediction Based on Artificial Neural Network

In irrigated areas, the intelligent management and scientific decision-making of agricultural irrigation are premised on the accurate estimation of the ecological water demand for different crops under different spatiotemporal conditions. However, the existing estimation methods are blind, slow, or inaccurate, compared with the index values of the water demand collected in real time from irrigated areas. To solve the problem, this paper innovatively introduces the spatiotemporal features of ecological water demand to the forecast of future water demand by integrating an artificial neural network (ANN) for water demand prediction with the prediction indices of water demand. Firstly, the ecological water demand for agricultural irrigation of crops was calculated, and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) was constructed for predicting the water demand of agricultural irrigation. On this basis, an intelligent control strategy was presented for agricultural irrigation based on water demand prediction. The structure of the intelligent control system was fully clarified, and the main program was designed in detail. The proposed model was proved effective through experiments.

A Survey on Energy Use in Agricultural Irrigation and Determination of Saving Measures in Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir and Mardin Provinces in Turkey

The main objective of this study is to determine the necessary measures to reduce energy consumption and save energy in agricultural irrigation in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The primary data of the survey study consists of the primary data collected through face-to-face surveys with producers in Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir and Mardin provinces. In the survey, the number of questionnaires to be applied to the producers was determined as 300 in total and the farms to be surveyed were determined by using stratified random sampling method. Flood and furrow irrigation methods are commonly used (62%) in the region. About a quarter of the farmers apply sprinkler irrigation. Nearly four-fifths (78%) of the farmers in the region report that there is a loss-leakage in the irrigation system. A very high proportion (95%) of the farmers in the region apply non-pressure irrigation, and approximately three-quarters (76%) report that they do not know whether the pumps and irrigation systems used are working at the recommended flow and pressure. Almost all of the farmers in the region (98%) do not use solar energy systems. A very high proportion (94%) of regional farmers does not use engine drivers in pumps. The responses of the farmers to the survey questions were interpreted and discussed and suggestions were developed based on the responses of the farmers to the survey questions.

Water Quality for Agricultural Irrigation and Aquatic Arsenic Health Risk in the Altay and Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia

Due to a lack of water-quality studies compared with water-quantity studies, an investigation into the factors influencing the hydrochemical composition of the rivers in the Tianshan and Altay Mountains was conducted with a model of multiple linear regression, while the suitability of the water quality for irrigation and the health risks of arsenic (As) were assessed with classical evaluation methods. The results suggest that 44.0% of the water samples from the Altay Mountains fell into the Ca-HCO3 category type, 48.0% of the water samples were of the Ca-HCO3-Cl type, and the remaining samples belonged to the Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl type. In the Tianshan Mountain area, 58.6% of the water samples fell into the Ca-HCO3 hydrochemical category, 20.7% of the water samples were of the Ca-HCO3-Cl type, and 20.7% of the water samples belonged to the Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl type. The major ions in the water were dominated by the control of the water and rock interaction. The interaction between water and rock in the Altay area controlled 69.2% of the overall variance in the As content in the river waters, and it dominated 76.2% of the variance in the Tianshan region. The river waters in the Altay and Tianshan Mountain regions are suitable for agricultural irrigation with excellent-to-good water quality. The results also suggest that there is no non-carcinogenic risk and that the carcinogenic risk is between the acceptable/tolerable risk range of 10−6–10−4, except only one sample in Tianshan Mountain region. The research methodology provided a reference for revealing the potential sources of toxic element pollution, and the results provided a scientific basis for regional agricultural irrigation, as well as a reference for decision making on the environmental protection of the watershed.

Evaluation of Economic Operation Effect of Rural Small Water-lifting Irrigation Pumping Station Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model

With the continuous advancement of the comprehensive reform of agricultural water prices across the country, various water management units across the country have strengthened the management and protection of irrigation facilities such as irrigation pumping stations, improved the operating efficiency of irrigation pumping stations, and saved agricultural irrigation costs; There is still an imbalance in the management and protection of water-lifting irrigation pumping stations, especially in the evaluation of the economic operation effect of the pumping station. For this reason, this paper uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the economic operation of small-scale rural water-lifting irrigation pumping stations. The effect was quantitatively evaluated, providing new and reliable ideas and methods for water management related management departments to evaluate the economic operation of pumping stations; through empirical research on City G, it was also found that City G is still in the economic operation of small irrigation pumping stations. There are some shortcomings, and some technical and economic measures can be used to further improve the economic operation and management efficiency of the pumping station, and further reduce the cost of agricultural irrigation.