On the lack of widespread bottom simulating reflectors in the Mediterranean Basin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Corradin ◽  
Angelo Camerlenghi ◽  
Michela Giustiniani ◽  
Umberta Tinivella ◽  
Claudia Bertoni
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Pore Water ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Stability Field ◽  
Hydrocarbon Gases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bottom Simulating Reflectors ◽  
Messinian Evaporites ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

<p>In the Mediterranean Basin, gas hydrate bottom simulating reflectors (BSR) are absent, with very few and spatially limited exceptions occurring in Eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes and in the Nile deep sea fan. This is in spite of widespread occurrence of hydrocarbon gases in the subsurface, mainly biogenic methane, from a wide range of stratigraphic intervals.<br>In this study we model the methane hydrate stability field using all available information on DSDP and ODP boreholes in the Western Mediterranean and in the Levant Basin, including the downhole changes of pore water salinity. The models take into account the consequent pore water density changes and use known estimates of geothermal gradient. None of the drilled sites were located on seismic profiles in which a BSR is present.<br>The modelled base of the stability field of methane hydrates is located variably within, below, or even above the drilled sedimentary section (the latter case implies that it is located in the water column). We discuss the results in terms of geodynamic environments, areal distribution of Messinian evaporites, upward ion diffusion from Messinian evaporites, organic carbon content, and the peculiar thermal structure of the Mediterranean water column. <br>We conclude that the cumulative effects of geological and geochemical environments make the Mediterranean Basin a region that is unfavorable to the existence of BSRs in the seismic record, and most likely to the existence of natural gas hydrates below the seabed.<br><br></p>

The effectiveness of nodulation of a wide range of lucerne cultivars

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (32) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Leach
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The effectiveness of nodulation of a wide range of lucerne cultivars-growing in a sandy soil and inoculated with a commercial preparation of inoculum-varied widely, and problems appeared In two distinct groups of cultivars. The first group comprised cultivars derived at least partly from the M. falcata genotype, and with these there were problems both of ensuring nodulation and in the level of effectiveness. The second group included winter-active cultivars from around the Mediterranean Basin, among which were African and Hairy Peruvian. All plants were well nodulated, and the level of effectiveness appeared to be the only problem. Although the effect on yields was smaller in the second group than in the first, it is nevertheless one which anyone engaged on the production of improved lucerne cultivars from these potentially very useful genotypes must resolve.

The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) deposits in the Balearic Promontory: An undeformed analog of the MSC Sicilian basins??

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadl Raad ◽  
Johanna Lofi ◽  
Agnes Maillard ◽  
Antonio Caruso ◽  
Athina Tzevahirtzian
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Messinian Salinity Crisis ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Stratigraphic Model ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Messinian Evaporites ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

<p>The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) is a prominent and still misunderstood event that influenced the Mediterranean basin in the late Miocene leaving behind a Salt Giant (SG) widespread all over the Mediterranean basin. More than 90% of the Messinian Evaporitic deposits are located offshore with reduced access via boreholes, and thus has been studied mainly by seismic imaging. Onshore-Offshore should be considered a key for a better understanding and answering some of the controversies on the MSC.</p><p>The Balearic Promontory (BP) contains a series of small perched basins presently lying at different water depths, stepped from the present-day coastline down to the deep basin. These topographic lows trapped sedimentary series up to 500m thick, interpreted as MSC in age.<br>The reduced tectonic movements in the BP since the late Miocene (Messinian) till recent days, favored the conservation of the MSC records in this area. Moreover, recent studies revealed the presence of a Salt layer in the Central Mallorca Depression (CMD).</p><p>Considering: 1- the bathymetry of the BP, classified as an intermediate perched basin; 2- the distribution of the MSC records accumulated in a series of sub-basins more or less connected between each other; 3- the geometries of the evaporitic formations, provided by how these records appear on the seismic data; this might recall similarities between the BP records (especially the ones in the CMD) and the MSC reference records outcropping in Sicily (especially in the Caltanissetta Basin).</p><p>We perform seismic interpretation of a wide seismic reflection dataset in the study area with the aim of refining the mapping of the Messinian evaporites covering the study area. Four seismic units were identified in the BP based on their seismic facies and their seismo-stratigraphic position. We try to match up these units to the consensus Messinian 3-stages chrono-stratigraphic model proposed during the CIESM in 2008.<br>We also attempt to find similarities in geometries, facies and distribution of the MSC between the sub-basins of the BP and those described in the Sicilian sub-basins.</p>

scholarly journals Biodiversity of cyanobacteria and green algae on monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: an overview

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (11) ◽  
pp. 3476-3490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Filomena Macedo ◽  
Ana Zélia Miller ◽  
Amélia Dionísio ◽  
Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Stone Materials ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The presence and deteriorating action of micro-organisms on monuments and stone works of art have received considerable attention in the last few years. Knowledge of the microbial populations living on stone materials is the starting point for successful conservation treatment and control. This paper reviews the literature on cyanobacteria and chlorophyta that cause deterioration of stone cultural heritage (outdoor monuments and stone works of art) in European countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Some 45 case studies from 32 scientific papers published between 1976 and 2009 were analysed. Six lithotypes were considered: marble, limestone, travertine, dolomite, sandstone and granite. A wide range of stone monuments in the Mediterranean Basin support considerable colonization of cyanobacteria and chlorophyta, showing notable biodiversity. About 172 taxa have been described by different authors, including 37 genera of cyanobacteria and 48 genera of chlorophyta. The most widespread and commonly reported taxa on the stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean Basin are, among cyanobacteria, Gloeocapsa, Phormidium and Chroococcus and, among chlorophyta, Chlorella, Stichococcus and Chlorococcum. The results suggest that cyanobacteria and chlorophyta colonize a wide variety of substrata and that this is related primarily to the physical characteristics of the stone surface, microclimate and environmental conditions and secondarily to the lithotype.

Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. White
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Eastern Half ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the shape and impact of piracy in the eastern half of the Mediterranean and the Ottoman Empire’s administrative, legal, and diplomatic response. In the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, piracy had a tremendous effect on the formation of international law, the conduct of diplomacy, the articulation of Ottoman imperial and Islamic law, and their application in Ottoman courts. Piracy and Law draws on research in archives and libraries in Istanbul, Venice, Crete, London, and Paris to bring the Ottoman state and Ottoman victims into the story for the first time. It explains why piracy exploded after the 1570s and why the Ottoman state was largely unable to marshal an effective military solution even as it responded dynamically in the spheres of law and diplomacy. By focusing on the Ottoman victims, jurists, and officials who had to contend most with the consequences of piracy, Piracy and Law reveals a broader range of piratical practitioners than the Muslim and Catholic corsairs who have typically been the focus of study and considers their consequences for the Ottoman state and those who traveled through Ottoman waters. This book argues that what made the eastern half of the Mediterranean basin the Ottoman Mediterranean, more than sovereignty or naval supremacy—which was ephemeral—was that it was a legal space. The challenge of piracy helped to define its contours.

Unfinished and Less Authored Texts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. C. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Jewish Writers

The concept of textual unfinishedness played a role in a wide variety of cultures and contexts across the Mediterranean basin in antiquity and late antiquity. Chapter 2 documents examples of Greek, Roman, and Jewish writers reflecting explicitly in their own words about unfinished texts. Many writers claimed to have written unfinished texts on purpose for specific cultural reasons, while others claimed to have written texts that slipped out of their hands somehow with their permission.

The Alphabet and its Legacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Madadh Richey
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Generative Power ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Alphabetic Writing ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The alphabet employed by the Phoenicians was the inheritor of a long tradition of alphabetic writing and was itself adapted for use throughout the Mediterranean basin by numerous populations speaking many languages. The present contribution traces the origins of the alphabet in Sinai and the Levant before discussing different alphabetic standardizations in Ugarit and Phoenician Tyre. The complex adaptation of the latter for representation of the Greek language is described in detail, then some brief attention is given to likely—Etruscan and other Italic alphabets—and possible (Iberian and Berber) descendants of the Phoenician alphabet. Finally, it is stressed that current research does not view the Phoenician and other alphabets as inherently simpler, more easily learned, or more democratic than other writing systems. The Phoenician alphabet remains, nevertheless, an impressive technological development worthy, especially by virtue of its generative power, of detailed study ranging from paleographic and orthographic specifications to social and political contextualization.

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