Cenozoic relative movements of Greenland and North America by closure of the North Atlantic – Arctic plate circuit

Author(s):  
Annabel Causer ◽  
Graeme Eagles ◽  
Lucía Pérez-Díaz ◽  
Jürgen Adam

<p>Models of Cenozoic plate motions between Greenland and North America often use magnetic anomalies in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay regions. The crustal origin of some of the older magnetic signatures, (pre C24, Paleocene) is questioned, and these models often portray Paleogene motions inconsistent with geological data from Nares Strait region. We test for a connection between the (mis)interpretation of anomalies and inconsistencies between model predictions and geological evidence by constructing a regional model that is not based on magnetic data in the Labrador Sea region. We do this by closing the North America – Greenland – Eurasian plate circuit from the Paleocene to Eocene – Oligocene Boundary (C25 – C13). Our findings show seafloor spreading in the Labrador Sea initiated during Eocene, and not Paleocene, times. In turn, we argue that C24 and older isochrons in the Labrador Sea are not suitable as isochron markers for modelling plate motions. We further show that the previously noted counterclockwise rotation of Greenland, marking the beginning of plate convergence in the eastern Canadian Arctic, is not a result of changes in seafloor spreading direction, but instead of the initiation of seafloor spreading in the Labrador Sea. Our model shows ~160km of shortening in the Eastern Canadian Arctic.</p>

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 917-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hosseinpour ◽  
R. D. Müller ◽  
S. E. Williams ◽  
J. M. Whittaker

Abstract. Reconstructing the opening of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay between Greenland and North America remains controversial. Recent seismic data suggest that magnetic lineations along the margins of the Labrador Sea, originally interpreted as seafloor spreading anomalies, may lie within the crust of the continent–ocean transition. These data also suggest a more seaward extent of continental crust within the Greenland margin near the Davis Strait than assumed in previous full-fit reconstructions. Our study focuses on reconstructing the full-fit configuration of Greenland and North America using an approach that considers continental deformation in a quantitative manner. We use gravity inversion to map crustal thickness across the conjugate margins, and assimilate observations from available seismic profiles and potential field data to constrain the likely extent of different crustal types. We derive end-member continental margin restorations following alternative interpretations of published seismic profiles. The boundaries between continental and oceanic crust (COB) are restored to their pre-stretching locations along small circle motion paths across the region of Cretaceous extension. Restored COBs are fitted quantitatively to compute alternative total-fit reconstructions. A preferred full-fit model is chosen based on the strongest compatibility with geological and geophysical data. Our preferred model suggests that (i) the COB lies oceanward of magnetic lineations interpreted as magnetic anomaly 31 (70 Ma) in the Labrador Sea, (ii) all previously identified magnetic lineations landward of anomaly 27 reflect intrusions into continental crust, and (iii) the Ungava fault zone in Davis Strait acted as a leaky transform fault during rifting. This robust plate reconstruction reduces gaps and overlaps in the Davis Strait and suggests that there is no need for alternative models proposed for reconstructions of this area including additional plate boundaries in North America or Greenland. Our favored model implies that break up and formation of continent–ocean transition (COT) first started in the southern Labrador Sea and Davis Strait around 88 Ma and then propagated north and southwards up to onset of real seafloor spreading at 63 Ma in the Labrador Sea. In the Baffin Bay, continental stretching lasted longer and actual break up and seafloor spreading started around 61 Ma (Chron 26).


1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Grainger

The literature on Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus) in arctic-subarctic Canada is reviewed, and the history of the 2-size-group phenomenon in the North Atlantic subarctic region is discussed. Calanus glacialis Jaschnov is briefly described, and compared with material from North America, the characters emphasized being size and the structure of the fifth legs. It is concluded that specimens from arctic and subarctic North America agree essentially with C. glacialis, those from the subarctic and north boreal regions with C. finmarchicus. Occurrence of the 2 species in northern North America is given, that of the large glacialis alone being shown to coincide closely with the known extent of unmixed polar water, of the 2 together to occupy the region of mixed polar and Atlantic water, and of the small finmarchicus alone to inhabit Atlantic water.


Author(s):  
Julia I. Corradino ◽  
Alex Pullen ◽  
Andrew L. Leier ◽  
David L. Barbeau Jr. ◽  
Howie D. Scher ◽  
...  

The Bell River hypothesis proposes that an ancestral, transcontinental river occupied much of northern North America during the Cenozoic Era, transporting water and sediment from the North American Cordillera to the Saglek Basin on the eastern margin of the Labrador Sea. To explore this hypothesis and reconstruct Cenozoic North American drainage patterns, we analyzed detrital zircon grains from the Oligocene−Miocene Mokami and Saglek formations of the Saglek Basin and Oligocene−Miocene fluvial conglomerates in the Great Plains of western Canada. U-Pb detrital zircon age populations in the Mokami and Saglek formations include clusters at <250 Ma, 950−1250 Ma, 1600−2000 Ma, and 2400−3200 Ma. Detrital zircons with ages of <250 Ma were derived from the North American Cordillera, supporting the transcontinental Bell River hypothesis. Oligocene−Miocene fluvial strata in western Canada contain detrital zircon age populations similar to those in the Saglek Basin and are interpreted to represent the western headwaters of the ancient Bell River drainage. Strontium-isotope ratios of marine shell fragments from the Mokami and Saglek formations yielded ages between 25.63 and 18.08 Ma. The same shells have εNd values of −10.2 to −12.0 (average = −11.2), which are consistent with values of Paleozoic strata in western North America but are more radiogenic than the modern Labrador Current, Labrador Sea Water, and North Atlantic Deep Water values (εNd ∼−12 to −25). As a freshwater source, the existence and termination of the Bell River may have been important for Labrador Sea circulation, stratification, and chemistry.


2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
F C Thomas ◽  
I A Hardy ◽  
H Rashid

Layers rich in remains of a shallow-water bryozoan species, Idmidronea atlantica, have been found in Quaternary sediments in a piston core taken from 1085 m water depth in the Labrador Sea (59.700270°N, 60.238370°W), tens of kilometres from the nearest possible source. These layers occur anomalously in pelagic–hemipelagic muds with abundant planktic and deep-water benthic foraminifera, and are thus not in sediments attributable to mud turbidite or debris flows. The bryozoan remains appear to be most common in intervals just below Heinrich events H1 and H2 (~14 500 and ~20 600 14C years BP, respectively). Two possible ice-related transport mechanisms are suggested to have been involved in the deposition of the bryozoan fragments. The first method involved the scouring action of loose pack ice and (or) bergs dislodging and mobilizing attached bryozoans in shallow water, where they could be subsequently entrained in currents and transported to deeper water. The second method may have occurred when attached colonies of these animals were frozen in place as winter ice formed in shallow water, to be carried out to deeper conditions while still encased in loose floes the subsequent spring–summer.


2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Hildebrand

Geological evidence, including the presence of two passive margin platforms, juxtaposed and mismatched deformation between North America and more outboard terranes, as well as the lack of rift deposits, suggest that North America was the lower plate during both the Sevier and Laramide events and that subduction dipped westward beneath the Cordilleran Ribbon Continent (Rubia). Terranes within the composite ribbon continent, now present in the Canadian Cordillera, collided with western North America during the 125–105 Ma Sevier event and were transported northward during the ~80–58 Ma Laramide event, which affected the Cordillera from South America to Alaska. New high-resolution mantle tomography beneath North America reveals a huge slab wall that extends vertically for over 1000 km, marks the site of long-lived subduction, and provides independent verification of the westward-dipping subduction model. Other workers analyzed paleogeographic trajectories and concluded that the initial collision took place in Canada at about 160 Ma – a time and place for which there is no deformational thickening on the North American platform – and later farther west where subduction was not likely westward, but eastward. However, by utilizing a meridionally corrected North American paleogeographic trajectory, coupled with the geologically most reasonable location for the initial deformation, the position of western North America with respect to the relict superslab parsimoniously accounts for the timing and extents of both the Sevier and Laramide events. SOMMAIRELes indications géologiques, en particulier la présence de deux marges de plateforme passives, de déformations adjacentes non-conformes entre l’Amérique du Nord et les terranes extérieurs, ainsi que l’absence de gisements de rift, permet de croire que l’Amérique du Nord était la plaque sous-jacente durant les événements de Sevier et de Laramide et que la subduction plongeait vers l’ouest sous le continent rubané de la Cordillères (Rubia).  Les terranes du continent rubané composite, maintenant au sein de la Cordillère canadienne, sont entrés en collision avec l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord durant l’événement Sevier (125-105 Ma), et ont été transportés vers le nord durant l’événement Laramide (~80–58 Ma), laquelle a affecté la Cordillère, de l’Amérique du Sud à l’Alaska.  Une nouvelle tomographie haute résolution du manteau sous l’Amérique du Nord montre la présence d’un gigantesque mur de plaques vertical qui s’étend sur 1 000 km, marque le site d’une subduction de longue haleine, et offre une validation indépendante du modèle d’une subduction à pendage vers l’ouest.  D’autres chercheurs ont analysé les trajectoires paléogéographiques et conclu que la collision initiale s’est produite au Canada vers 160 Ma – un moment et un endroit sans épaississement par déformation sur la plateforme d’Amérique du Nord – et plus tard plus à l’ouest, là où la subduction n’était vraisemblablement pas vers l’ouest, mais vers l’est.  Cela dit, en considérant une trajectoire paléogéographique de l’Amérique du Nord corrigée longitudinalement, avec la position géologique la plus probable de la déformation initiale, la position de la portion ouest de l’Amérique du Nord par rapport aux restes de la super-plaque explique alors facilement la chronologie et l’étendue des épisodes Sevier et Laramide.


2008 ◽  
Vol 179 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Rangin ◽  
Xavier Le Pichon ◽  
Juventino Martinez-Reyes ◽  
Mario Aranda-Garcia

Abstract This is an introduction to the series of papers presented in this volume that concerns the Cenozoic tectonics of the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico, from Texas in the north to the Veracruz area into the south. These combined offshore-onshore structural studies investigate the links between surperficial gravity slidings and deep crustal flow within the complex geodynamic framework of Mexico, located at the junction between the North America, Carribean and Pacific plates (including the earlier Farallon plate).


2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Bairlein ◽  
D. Ryan Norris ◽  
Rolf Nagel ◽  
Marc Bulte ◽  
Christian C. Voigt ◽  
...  

The northern wheatear ( Oenanthe oenanthe ) is a small (approx. 25 g), insectivorous migrant with one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the world, breeding from the eastern Canadian Arctic across Greenland, Eurasia and into Alaska (AK). However, there is no evidence that breeding populations in the New World have established overwintering sites in the Western Hemisphere. Using light-level geolocators, we demonstrate that individuals from these New World regions overwinter in northern sub-Sahara Africa, with Alaskan birds travelling approximately 14 500 km each way and an eastern Canadian Arctic bird crossing a wide stretch of the North Atlantic (approx. 3500 km). These remarkable journeys, particularly for a bird of this size, last between one to three months depending on breeding location and season (autumn/spring) and result in mean overall migration speeds of up to 290 km d −1 . Stable-hydrogen isotope analysis of winter-grown feathers sampled from breeding birds generally support the notion that Alaskan birds overwinter primarily in eastern Africa and eastern Canadian Arctic birds overwinter mainly in western Africa. Our results provide the first evidence of a migratory songbird capable of linking African ecosystems of the Old World with Arctic regions of the New World.


1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman M. Savage

Previously described faunas of Early Silurian through Late Pennsylvanian age from the Alexander terrane have been endemic, or have variously suggested North American or Asiatic affinities, leaving the paleogeographic history of the terrane uncertain although indicating a location closer to North America than to Asia (Armstrong, 1970; Douglass, 1971; Savage, 1981, 1985, 1989; Savage et al., 1978; Savage and Barkeley, 1985; Soja, 1988; Vaskey, 1982). The occurrence reported here of the Canadian Arctic brachiopods Nanukidium cf. N. cunninghamensis and Atrypoidea scheii in the Alexander terrane during the Late Silurian could be additional evidence supporting the view that the Alexander terrane was not far removed from the North American craton during middle Paleozoic time.


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