Phosphorus forms in technosols afforested with N-fixing and non-N-fixing tree species 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sroka ◽  
Marcin Chodak ◽  
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Soil Substrate ◽  
Phosphorus Forms ◽  
Labile P

<p>Tree species capable of forming a symbiosis with N-fixing bacteria may affect P availability in reclaimed technosols. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of N-fixing tree species and non-N-fixing species on phosphorus forms in technosols developing from various materials. Soil samples were taken under black locust (Robinia pseudoaccaccia), black alder (Alnus glutinosa), silver birch (Betula pendula) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) from two depths (0-5 cm and 5 – 20 cm). The soil substrates were fly ashes, sands and clays. In the soil samples measured were concentrations of total P (P<sub>t</sub>),  water soluble P (P<sub>H2O</sub>),  dilute salt-extractable P (P<sub>ex</sub>), microbial biomass P (P<sub>mic</sub>) and total labile P (P<sub>labil</sub>). Multifactor ANOVA revealed that tree species did not influence contents of P<sub>t</sub>, P<sub>ex</sub> and P<sub>H20</sub>. However, there was a statistically significant effect of soil substrate and soil horizon on these forms of P. The factors tree species, soil substrate and soil horizon had statistically significant effect on P<sub>mic </sub>content whereas content of P<sub>labil</sub> was affected by tree species and soil horizon. Multiple Range Tests by tree species showed that soils under Scots pine contained significantly less P<sub>mic </sub>than soils under other tree species studied. There were no significant differences in P<sub>mic</sub> between the soils under silver birch, black alder and black locust. The soils under Scots pine contained also significantly less P<sub>labil</sub> than the soils under black locust and silver birch. Our study included P forms that are considered labile (except P<sub>t</sub>). The obtained results indicated that the effect of N-fixing trees on these forms of P was weak. Instead we noticed that Scots pine had negative effect on some forms of labile P. </p><p>The study was financed by The National Science Centre, Poland, grant No. 2018/31/B/ST10/01626.</p>

Results of a Tree Species Trial on a Recontoured Surface Mine in Southwestern Virginia

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Torbert ◽  
J. A. Burger ◽  
J. N. Lien ◽  
S. H. Schoenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Tenfold Increase ◽  
Strip Mine

Abstract Fifteen tree species, five pine and ten hardwood, were planted on a reclaimed, return-to-contour, strip-mine site in Wise County, Virginia. A systemic herbicide was sprayed on half of each of four experimental blocks prior to the second growing season. After three growing seasons, this treatment resulted in increased survival of five species. Black locust (Robina pseudoacacia) performed best with 90% survival and a tenfold increase in height. Other hardwoods that showed promise were black alder (Alnus glutinosa), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides). As a group, the pines outperformed the hardwoods. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and Virginia pine (Pinus Virginiana) were the fastest growing, and survival of each was signifcantly higher on the sprayed plots.

scholarly journals The Use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Tree Phenotyping Studies

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Shara Ahmed ◽  
Catherine E. Nicholson ◽  
Paul Muto ◽  
Justin J. Perry ◽  
John R. Dean
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Native Trees ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

A strip of 20th-century landscape woodland planted alongside a 17th to mid-18th century ancient and semi-natural woodland (ASNW) was investigated by applied aerial spectroscopy using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a multispectral image camera (MSI). A simple classification approach of normalized difference spectral index (NDSI), derived using principal component analysis (PCA), enabled the identification of the non-native trees within the 20th-century boundary. The tree species within this boundary, classified by NDSI, were further segmented by the machine learning segmentation method of k-means clustering. This combined innovative approach has enabled the identification of multiple tree species in the 20th-century boundary. Phenotyping of trees at canopy level using the UAV with MSI, across 8052 m2, identified black pine (23%), Norway maple (19%), Scots pine (12%), and sycamore (19%) as well as native trees (oak and silver birch, 27%). This derived data was corroborated by field identification at ground-level, over an area of 6785 m2, that confirmed the presence of black pine (26%), Norway maple (30%), Scots pine (10%), and sycamore (14%) as well as other trees (oak and silver birch, 20%). The benefits of using a UAV, with an MSI camera, for monitoring tree boundaries next to a new housing development are demonstrated.

Activity of phosphatases in technosols afforested with N-fixing and non-N-fixing tree species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Chodak ◽  
Katarzyna Sroka ◽  
Marcin Pietrzykowski
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Black Locust ◽  
Inorganic Pyrophosphatase ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Organic C ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
P Cycling ◽  
Specific Activities

<p>Tree species capable of forming symbiosis with N-fixing bacteria planted on reclaimed wastelands may increase not only their N content but also increase availability of P. The aim of our study was to compare the effect of rhizobial and actinorhizal N-fixing tree species and non-N-fixing species on the activity of phosphatases in various technosols. Soil samples were taken under black locust (<em>Robinia pseudoaccaccia</em>), black alder (<em>Alnus glutinosa</em>), silver birch (<em>Betula pendula</em>) and Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em>) from two depths (0-5 cm and 5 – 20 cm) of technosols developing from different parent materials (Quaternary sands, fly ashes after lignite combustion,  acid and alkaline Tertiary clays). The samples were measured for the activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, microbial biomass (C<sub>mic</sub>), texture, as well as contents of organic C (C<sub>org</sub>), total N (N<sub>t</sub>) and total P (P<sub>t</sub>). Activities of acid (Pho_Aci), alkaline (Pho_Alk), total phosphatase (Pho_Sum) and inorganic pyrophosphatase (Pyro_Pho) were expressed per soil dry mass and per unit of C<sub>mic</sub> (specific enzyme activities - Pho_Aci<sub>SP</sub>, Pho_Alk<sub>SP </sub>and Pho_Sum<sub>SP</sub> for acid, alkaline and total phosphatase, respectively, Pyro_Pho<sub>SP </sub>for pyrophosphatase). The soils under black locust exhibited higher Pho_Aci activity and higher specific activities of all enzymes (Pho_Aci<sub>SP</sub>, Pho_Alk<sub>SP,, </sub>Pho_Sum<sub>SP</sub> and Pyro_Pho<sub>SP</sub>) than the soils under both non-N-fixing trees. For alder  Pho_Aci activity was significantly higher only when compared to pine. However, the values of Pho_Aci<sub>SP </sub>and Pho_Sum<sub>SP</sub> were higher under alder than under both non-N-fixing trees. There were no differences in the activities or specific activities of measured enzymes between the soils under pine and birch. Our results indicated that rhizobial black locust stimulated activity of soil enzymes involved in P cycling much stronger than non-N-fixing tree species. This effect of black locust was consistent in technosols developing from various parent materials. The effect of actinorhizal black alder was less pronounced, but also evident.  The results of our study indicated that both N-fixing trees stimulated activity of enzymes involved in P cycling stronger than the non-fixing trees. Thus, the N-fixing trees may alleviate P deficiency in technosols as they stimulate development of phosphatase releasing microorganisms and increase P availability.</p><p>The study was financed by The National Science Centre, Poland, grant No. 2018/31/B/ST10/01626.</p>

scholarly journals Soil characteristics under selected broadleaved tree species in East Norway

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
K. Rejšek ◽  
O. Haveraaen ◽  
A. Sandnes ◽  
K. Somerlíková
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Broadleaved Tree Species ◽  
Broadleaved Tree

Comprehensive analyses of soil properties of sites of native Scandinavian broadleaved tree species were performed in 36 habitats in East Norway. The material consisted of stands of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), white birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), speckled alder (Alnus incana Moench.), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). The main objective was to describe the vertical characteristics and variations in some selected soil variables of the soil profiles. Particular soil horizons of 15 Brunisolic soils, 11 Regosolic soils, 6 Gleysolic and 4 Podzolic were sampled and analyzed for soil texture, bulk density, specific density, porosity, oxidizable carbon, total nitrogen content, pH in water, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable cations and anions (Mg, Ca, Mn, Al, S, Fe, B, P and K), cation exchange capacity and base saturation. No regular patterns were found in selected soil properties when tested between various soil units in silver birch stands. Furthermore, silver birch stands were found on sites, which topsoil (i) significantly differed in their cation exchange capacities, (ii) did not differ significantly in their pH values, and (iii) mostly differed in their clay contents and (iv) mostly did not differ in BS. Differences among the Humic Regosols, Luvic Gleysols, Sombric Brunisols, Eutric Brunisols and Humo-Ferric Podzols for silver birch stands in their topmost horizons of humified organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction horizons and differences among particular soil horizons for the main soil properties under all the selected broadleaved tree species stands are discussed.  

Survival of black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings in a reclaimed oil shale mining area

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Kuznetsova ◽  
Katrin Rosenvald ◽  
Ivika Ostonen ◽  
Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari ◽  
Malle Mandre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Oil Shale ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Black Alder ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Oil Shale Mining

scholarly journals Early Field Performance of Small-Sized Silver Birch and Scots Pine Container Seedlings at Different Planting Depths

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Heli Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Deep planting is recommended in Nordic countries only for normal-sized container seedlings planted on mounds. Its effects on smaller-sized seedlings are poorly understood. We studied the effects of planting depth on the early field performance of small-sized silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) container seedlings. Silver birch seedlings (mean height of 16 cm) were planted to depths of 3, 6 and 8 cm on spot mounds in May 2016. Scots pine seedlings (mean height of 9 cm) were planted to depths of 2, 5 and 8 cm on inverted mounds in September 2018 and May 2019. At the end of the first growing season, the deeper-planted birch seedlings were the tallest, as opposed to the deeper-planted Scots pine seedlings. However, the height differences between the planting depths were not apparent until the end of the second growing season in both tree species. Deeper planting decreased damage in Scots pine seedlings in the first growing season, which was not observed in silver birch. Based on our findings, small-sized Scots pine and silver birch seedlings can be planted safely at 6–8 cm planting depths, if at least 20% and 50% of their shoots, respectively, are above ground.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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