scholarly journals PHYTOBASE: A global synthesis of open ocean phytoplankton occurrences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Righetti ◽  
Meike Vogt ◽  
Niklaus E. Zimmermann ◽  
Nicolas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Occurrence Records

Abstract. Marine phytoplankton are responsible for half of the global net primary production and perform multiple other ecological functions and services of the global ocean. These photosynthetic organisms comprise more than 4300 marine species, but their biogeographic patterns and the resulting species diversity are poorly known, mostly owing to severe data limitations. Here, we compile, synthesize, and harmonize marine phytoplankton occurrence records from the two largest biological occurrence archives (Ocean Biogeographic Information System; OBIS, and Global Biodiversity Information Facility; GBIF) and three recent data collections. The resulting PhytoBase data set contains over 1.36 million phytoplankton occurrence records (1.28 million at the level of species) for a total of 1711 species, spanning the principal groups of the Bacillariophyceae, Dinoflagellata, and Haptophyta as well as several other groups. This data compilation increases the amount of marine phytoplankton records available through the single largest contributing archive (OBIS) by 65 %. Data span all ocean basins, latitudes and most seasons. Analyzing the oceanic inventory of sampled phytoplankton species richness at the broadest spatial scales possible, using a resampling procedure, we find that richness tends to saturate in the pantropics at ~ 93 % of all species in our database, at ~64% in temperate waters, and at ~ 35 % in the cold Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemisphere remains underexplored. We provide metadata on the cruise, research institution, depth and date of collection for each record, and we include cell-counts for 195 339 records. We strongly recommend consideration of global spatiotemporal biases in sampling intensity and varying taxonomic sampling scopes between research cruises or institutions when analyzing the occurrence database. Including such information into statistical analysis tools, such as species distribution models may serve to project the diversity, niches, and distribution of species in the contemporary and future ocean, opening the door for a quantification of macroecological phytoplankton patterns. PhytoBase can be downloaded from PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904397 (Righetti et al., 2019a).

scholarly journals PhytoBase: A global synthesis of open-ocean phytoplankton occurrences

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 907-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Righetti ◽  
Meike Vogt ◽  
Niklaus E. Zimmermann ◽  
Michael D. Guiry ◽  
Nicolas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Occurrence Records

Abstract. Marine phytoplankton are responsible for half of the global net primary production and perform multiple other ecological functions and services of the global ocean. These photosynthetic organisms comprise more than 4300 marine species, but their biogeographic patterns and the resulting species diversity are poorly known, mostly owing to severe data limitations. Here, we compile, synthesize, and harmonize marine phytoplankton occurrence records from the two largest biological occurrence archives (Ocean Biogeographic Information System, OBIS; and Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF) and three independent recent data collections. We bring together over 1.36 million phytoplankton occurrence records (1.28 million at the level of species) for a total of 1704 species, spanning the principal groups of the diatoms, dinoflagellates, and haptophytes, as well as several other groups. This data compilation increases the amount of marine phytoplankton records available through the single largest contributing archive (OBIS) by 65 %. Data span all ocean basins, latitudes, and most seasons. Analyzing the oceanic inventory of sampled phytoplankton species richness at the broadest spatial scales possible using a resampling procedure, we find that richness tends to saturate at ∼93 % of all species in our database in the pantropics, at ∼64 % in temperate waters, and at ∼35 % in the cold Northern Hemisphere, while the Southern Hemisphere remains under-explored. We provide metadata on the cruise, research institution, depth, and date for each data record, and we include phytoplankton cell counts for 193 763 records. We strongly recommend consideration of spatiotemporal biases in sampling intensity and varying taxonomic sampling scopes between research cruises or institutions when analyzing the occurrence data spatially. Including such information into predictive tools, such as statistical species distribution models, may serve to project the diversity, niches, and distribution of species in the contemporary and future ocean, opening the door for quantitative macroecological analyses of phytoplankton. PhytoBase can be downloaded from PANGAEA: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904397 (Righetti et al., 2019a).

scholarly journals Skill assessment of the PELAGOS global ocean biogeochemistry model over the period 1980–2000

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 2333-2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vichi ◽  
S. Masina
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Ocean Biogeochemistry

Abstract. Global Ocean Biogeochemistry General Circulation Models are useful tools to study biogeochemical processes at global and large scales under current climate and future scenario conditions. The credibility of future estimates is however dependent on the model skill in capturing the observed multi-annual variability of firstly the mean bulk biogeochemical properties, and secondly the rates at which organic matter is processed within the food web. For this double purpose, the results of a multi-annual simulation of the global ocean biogeochemical model PELAGOS have been objectively compared with multi-variate observations from the last 20 years of the 20th century, both considering bulk variables and carbon production/consumption rates. Simulated net primary production (NPP) is comparable with satellite-derived estimates at the global scale and when compared with an independent data-set of in situ observations in the equatorial Pacific. The usage of objective skill indicators allowed us to demonstrate the importance of comparing like with like when considering carbon transformation processes. NPP scores improve substantially when in situ data are compared with modeled NPP which takes into account the excretion of freshly-produced dissolved organic carbon (DOC). It is thus recommended that DOC measurements be performed during in situ NPP measurements to quantify the actual production of organic carbon in the surface ocean. The chlorophyll bias in the Southern Ocean that affects this model as well as several others is linked to the inadequate representation of the mixed layer seasonal cycle in the region. A sensitivity experiment confirms that the artificial increase of mixed layer depths towards the observed values substantially reduces the bias. Our assessment results qualify the model for studies of carbon transformation in the surface ocean and metabolic balances. Within the limits of the model assumption and known biases, PELAGOS indicates a net heterotrophic balance especially in the more oligotrophic regions of the Atlantic during the boreal winter period. However, at the annual time scale and over the global ocean, the model suggests that the surface ocean is close to a weakly positive autotrophic balance in accordance with recent experimental findings and geochemical considerations.

scholarly journals Regional-scale lateral carbon transport and CO<sub>2</sub> evasion in temperate stream catchments

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 5003-5014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Magin ◽  
Celia Somlai-Haase ◽  
Ralf B. Schäfer ◽  
Andreas Lorke
Keyword(s):  
Catchment Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Temperate Stream

Abstract. Inland waters play an important role in regional to global-scale carbon cycling by transporting, processing and emitting substantial amounts of carbon, which originate mainly from their catchments. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between terrestrial net primary production (NPP) and the rate at which carbon is exported from the catchments in a temperate stream network. The analysis included more than 200 catchment areas in southwest Germany, ranging in size from 0.8 to 889 km2 for which CO2 evasion from stream surfaces and downstream transport with stream discharge were estimated from water quality monitoring data, while NPP in the catchments was obtained from a global data set based on remote sensing. We found that on average 13.9 g C m−2 yr−1 (corresponding to 2.7 % of terrestrial NPP) are exported from the catchments by streams and rivers, in which both CO2 evasion and downstream transport contributed about equally to this flux. The average carbon fluxes in the catchments of the study area resembled global and large-scale zonal mean values in many respects, including NPP, stream evasion and the carbon export per catchment area in the fluvial network. A review of existing studies on aquatic–terrestrial coupling in the carbon cycle suggests that the carbon export per catchment area varies in a relatively narrow range, despite a broad range of different spatial scales and hydrological characteristics of the study regions.

scholarly journals Regional-scale lateral carbon transport and CO<sub>2</sub> evasion in temperate stream catchments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Magin ◽  
Celia Somlai-Haase ◽  
Ralf B. Schäfer ◽  
Andreas Lorke
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Temperate Stream

Abstract. Inland waters play an important role in regional to global scale carbon cycling by transporting, processing and emitting substantial amounts of carbon, which originate mainly from their catchments. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between terrestrial net primary production (NPP) and the rate at which carbon is exported from the catchments in a temperate stream network. The analysis included more than 200 catchment areas in southwest Germany, ranging in size from 0.8 to 889 km2 for which CO2 evasion from stream surfaces and downstream transport with stream discharge were estimated from water quality monitoring data, while NPP in the catchments was obtained from a global data set based on remote sensing. We found that on average 2.7 % of terrestrial NPP (13.9 g C m2 yr−1) are exported from the catchments by streams and rivers, in which both CO2 evasion and downstream transport contributed about equally to this flux. The average carbon fluxes in the catchments of the study area resembled global and large-scale zonal mean values in many respects, including NPP, stream evasion as well as the catchment-specific total export rate of carbon in the fluvial network. A review of existing studies on aquatic-terrestrial coupling in the carbon cycle suggests that the catchment-specific carbon export varies in a relatively narrow range, despite a broad range of different spatial scales and hydrological characteristics of the study regions.

Multi-millennial legacy of climate change in marine plankton communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Strack ◽  
Lukas Jonkers ◽  
Marina C. Rillo ◽  
Helmut Hillebrand ◽  
Michal Kucera
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Last Deglaciation ◽  
Compositional Change ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Last Deglaciation

&lt;p&gt;Understanding the response of marine ecosystems to climate change requires knowledge of processes that operate over long time scales. Over the last decades, abundant data have been generated on the change in the composition of marine microplankton assemblages across the last deglaciation. These data were used to reconstruct various aspects of the ocean and climate system during this climatic upheaval; however, their potential to evaluate biotic response to climatic forcing has been rarely explored. Here, we compiled records of plankton response to the last deglaciation covering the entire North Atlantic Ocean. The records comprise assemblage composition data of marine zooplankton (planktonic foraminifera) and phytoplankton (coccolithophores, diatoms and dinoflagellates) covering the last 24&amp;#160;ka with a resolution of at least 1&amp;#160;ka. The comparability of the data is ensured by using either published age models or a combination of radiocarbon ages and correlated oxygen isotope data. We use these records to first determine the shape of the major compositional change in each record by principle components analyses and quantification of compositional turnover. The mean global response of the plankton to the deglaciation was then evaluated by an Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis of the main biotic trends across all sites. A preliminary analysis was run solely on the zooplankton data set as the phytoplankton data set is still work in progress. We find that the dominant response of the zooplankton consists of synchronous unidirectional shifts initiated between 16-17&amp;#160;ka&amp;#160;BP, and progressing into the Holocene. When regressed on the global ocean temperature and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; trends, we can see a proportionate response to the forcing during the last glacial maximum, the deglaciation and the early Holocene. In contrast, the late Holocene is characterised by continued compositional change, which does not appear related to environmental forcing. We speculate that this decoupling indicates the existence of a multi-millennial delay in community change following the climatic forcing, likely due to biotic interactions acting on communities that have been newly assembled or geographically displaced due to abiotic forcing. We will present a similar analysis for marine phytoplankton and discuss the consequences of the observations for the understanding of community variability on millennial time scales.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Global ocean particulate organic carbon flux merged with satellite parameters

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen B. Mouw ◽  
Audrey Barnett ◽  
Galen A. McKinley ◽  
Lucas Gloege ◽  
Darren Pilcher
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Sediment Traps ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Data Set

Abstract. Particulate organic carbon (POC) flux estimated from POC concentration observations from sediment traps and 234Th are compiled across the global ocean. The compilation includes six time series locations: CARIACO, K2, OSP, BATS, OFP, and HOT. Efficiency of the biological pump of carbon to the deep ocean depends largely on biologically mediated export of carbon from the surface ocean and its remineralization with depth; thus biologically related parameters able to be estimated from satellite observations were merged at the POC observation sites. Satellite parameters include net primary production, percent microplankton, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, euphotic zone depth, and climatological mixed layer depth. Of the observations across the globe, 85 % are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere with 44 % of the data record overlapping the satellite record. Time series sites accounted for 36 % of the data, while 71 % of the data are measured at  ≥  500 m with the most common deployment depths between 1000 and 1500 m. This data set is valuable for investigations of CO2 drawdown, carbon export, remineralization, and sequestration. The compiled data can be freely accessed at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.855600.

scholarly journals Evidence for Ecosystem-Level Trophic Cascade Effects Involving Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) Triggered by the Deepwater Horizon Blowout

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Short ◽  
Christine Voss ◽  
Maria Vozzo ◽  
Vincent Guillory ◽  
Harold Geiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Trophic Cascade ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Brevoortia Patronus

Unprecedented recruitment of Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) followed the 2010 Deepwater Horizon blowout (DWH). The foregone consumption of Gulf menhaden, after their many predator species were killed by oiling, increased competition among menhaden for food, resulting in poor physiological conditions and low lipid content during 2011 and 2012. Menhaden sampled for length and weight measurements, beginning in 2011, exhibited the poorest condition around Barataria Bay, west of the Mississippi River, where recruitment of the 2010 year class was highest. Trophodynamic comparisons indicate that ~20% of net primary production flowed through Gulf menhaden prior to the DWH, increasing to ~38% in 2011 and ~27% in 2012, confirming the dominant role of Gulf menhaden in their food web. Hyperabundant Gulf menhaden likely suppressed populations of their zooplankton prey, suggesting a trophic cascade triggered by increased menhaden recruitment. Additionally, low-lipid menhaden likely became “junk food” for predators, further propagating adverse effects. We posit that food web analyses based on inappropriate spatial scales for dominant species, or solely on biomass, provide insufficient indication of the ecosystem consequences of oiling injury. Including such cascading and associated indirect effects in damage assessment models will enhance the ability to anticipate and estimate ecosystem damage from, and provide recovery guidance for, major oil spills.

scholarly journals Prediction of the Export and Fate of Global Ocean Net Primary Production: The EXPORTS Science Plan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Siegel ◽  
Ken O. Buesseler ◽  
Michael J. Behrenfeld ◽  
Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson ◽  
Emmanuel Boss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Global Ocean

scholarly journals Resolving ice cloud optical thickness biases between CALIOP and MODIS using infrared retrievals

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 5075-5090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Holz ◽  
Steven Platnick ◽  
Kerry Meyer ◽  
Mark Vaughan ◽  
Andrew Heidinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ice Cloud ◽  
Lidar Ratio ◽  
Cloud Optical Thickness ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Despite its importance as one of the key radiative properties that determines the impact of upper tropospheric clouds on the radiation balance, ice cloud optical thickness (IOT) has proven to be one of the more challenging properties to retrieve from space-based remote sensing measurements. In particular, optically thin upper tropospheric ice clouds (cirrus) have been especially challenging due to their tenuous nature, extensive spatial scales, and complex particle shapes and light-scattering characteristics. The lack of independent validation motivates the investigation presented in this paper, wherein systematic biases between MODIS Collection 5 (C5) and CALIOP Version 3 (V3) unconstrained retrievals of tenuous IOT (< 3) are examined using a month of collocated A-Train observations. An initial comparison revealed a factor of 2 bias between the MODIS and CALIOP IOT retrievals. This bias is investigated using an infrared (IR) radiative closure approach that compares both products with MODIS IR cirrus retrievals developed for this assessment. The analysis finds that both the MODIS C5 and the unconstrained CALIOP V3 retrievals are biased (high and low, respectively) relative to the IR IOT retrievals. Based on this finding, the MODIS and CALIOP algorithms are investigated with the goal of explaining and minimizing the biases relative to the IR. For MODIS we find that the assumed ice single-scattering properties used for the C5 retrievals are not consistent with the mean IR COT distribution. The C5 ice scattering database results in the asymmetry parameter (g) varying as a function of effective radius with mean values that are too large. The MODIS retrievals have been brought into agreement with the IR by adopting a new ice scattering model for Collection 6 (C6) consisting of a modified gamma distribution comprised of a single habit (severely roughened aggregated columns); the C6 ice cloud optical property models have a constant g ≈ 0.75 in the mid-visible spectrum, 5–15 % smaller than C5. For CALIOP, the assumed lidar ratio for unconstrained retrievals is fixed at 25 sr for the V3 data products. This value is found to be inconsistent with the constrained (predominantly nighttime) CALIOP retrievals. An experimental data set was produced using a modified lidar ratio of 32 sr for the unconstrained retrievals (an increase of 28 %), selected to provide consistency with the constrained V3 results. These modifications greatly improve the agreement with the IR and provide consistency between the MODIS and CALIOP products. Based on these results the recently released MODIS C6 optical products use the single-habit distribution given above, while the upcoming CALIOP V4 unconstrained algorithm will use higher lidar ratios for unconstrained retrievals.

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