Acid-base characteristics of the Grass Pond watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA: interactions between soil, vegetation and surface waters

Abstract. Grass Pond watershed is located within the Southwestern Adirondack Mountain region of New York State, USA. This region receives some of the highest rates of acidic deposition in North America and is particularly sensitive to acidic inputs due to many of its soils having shallow depths and being generally base-poor. Differences in soil chemistry and tree species between seven subwatersheds were examined in relation to acid-base characteristics of the seven major streams that drain into Grass Pond. Mineral soil pH, stream water BCS and pH exhibited a positive correlation with sugar maple basal area (p = 0.055; 0.48 and 0.39, respectively). Black cherry basal area was inversely correlated with stream water BCS, ANCc and NO3– (p = 0.23; 0.24 and 0.20, respectively). Sugar maple basal areas were positively correlated with watershed characteristics associated with the neutralization of atmospheric acidic inputs while in contrast, black cherry basal areas showed opposite relationships to these same watershed characteristics. Canonical Correspondence Analysis indicated that black cherry had a distinctive relationship with forest floor chemistry apart from the other tree species, specifically a strong positive association with forest floor NH4 while sugar maple had a distinctive relationship with stream chemistry variables, specifically a strong positive association with stream water ANCc, BCS and pH. Our results provide evidence that sugar maple is acid-intolerant or calciphilic tree species and also demonstrate that black cherry is likely an acid-tolerant tree species.

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Acid-base characteristics of the Grass Pond watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York State, USA: interactions among soil, vegetation and surface waters

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-17-2557-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2557-2568 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. M. McEathron ◽

M. J. Mitchell ◽

L. Zhang

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Tree Species ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Stream Water ◽

New York State ◽

Basal Area ◽

Positive Association ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Acid Base ◽

Strong Positive Association

Abstract. Grass Pond watershed is located within the southwestern Adirondack Mountain region of New York State, USA. This region receives some of the highest rates of acidic deposition in North America and is particularly sensitive to acidic inputs due to many of its soils having shallow depths and being generally base poor. Differences in soil chemistry and tree species between seven subwatersheds were examined in relation to acid-base characteristics of the seven major streams that drain into Grass Pond. Mineral soil pH, stream water BCS (base-cation surplus) and pH exhibited a positive correlation with sugar maple basal area (p = 0.055; 0.48 and 0.39, respectively). Black cherry basal area was inversely correlated with stream water BCS, ANC (acid neutralizing capacity)c and NO3- (p = 0.23; 0.24 and 0.20, respectively). Sugar maple basal areas were positively associated with watershed characteristics associated with the neutralization of atmospheric acidic inputs while in contrast, black cherry basal areas showed opposite relationships to these same watershed characteristics. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that black cherry had a distinctive relationship with forest floor chemistry apart from the other tree species, specifically a strong positive association with forest floor NH4, while sugar maple had a distinctive relationship with stream chemistry variables, specifically a strong positive association with stream water ANCc, BCS and pH. Our results provide evidence that sugar maple is acid-intolerant or calciphilic tree species and also demonstrate that black cherry is likely an acid-tolerant tree species.

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A comparison of vegetative cover and tree community structure in three forested Adirondack watersheds

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x85-142 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 881-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Christopher S. Cronan ◽

Marc R. DesMeules

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

New York State ◽

Basal Area ◽

Red Maple ◽

Vegetative Cover ◽

Cover Type ◽

Tree Community ◽

Standing Dead ◽

Annual Biomass

The Integrated Lake–Watershed Acidification Study (ILWAS) was conducted using three forested watersheds (Panther, Sagamore, and Woods) in the central Adirondack Park of New York State. By comparing the biogeochemical behavior of these watersheds, the ILWAS investigators hoped to elucidate the major ecosystem parameters controlling the fate of strong acids introduced from the atmosphere to lake–watershed systems. The ILWAS vegetation research program was designed to compare the quantitative patterns of forest structure in these midelevation watersheds. Results showed that the ILWAS catchments contain closely related variants of the northern hardwood – spruce – fir complex of the Adirondack region. The dominant tree species in these watersheds are beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), and yellow birch (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.). On an areal basis, the watersheds contain 57–88% hardwood cover type and 5–29% spruce–fir cover type. Mean live basal area values range from 22 to 30 m2 ha−1 between catchments, while standing dead basal area values range from 4 to 8 m2 ha−1. Mean live stem densities range from 1400 to 1700 stems ha−1. Mean aboveground biomass projections for the tree stratum in the three watersheds range from 143 to 199 Mt ha−1, while estimated aboveground annual biomass increments range from 4.1 to 5.3% of standing biomass.

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Winter foraging by individual porcupines

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z84-357 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 2425-2428 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Uldis Roze

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Tree Species ◽

Food Choice ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Basal Area ◽

Fagus Grandifolia ◽

Foraging Area ◽

Winter Foraging ◽

Study Population

Winter feeding of individual porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum L.) was studied in the northern Catskill Mountains of New York by following individual feeding trails in the snow. The study population as a whole fed primarily on beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and less frequently on eight other tree species. Individual porcupines limited their feeding to one or two species. An individual's primary food choice corresponded to the numerically most abundant tree species in its foraging area; its secondary food choice could not be related to relative density nor to relative basal area.

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The Combined Effects of Forest Tent Caterpillar Defoliation and Timber Stand Improvement Activity on Epicormic Sprouting of Sugar Maple and Black Cherry

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/25.2.61 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 61-65

Author(s):

Rob A. Wink ◽

Douglas C. Allen

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

New York State ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Tent Caterpillar ◽

Epicormic Sprouting

Abstract A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance design assessed the combined effects of severe defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hub.), from 1991 through 1993 and concurrent timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments on the occurrence of epicormic sproutingfor both sugar maple (SM), Acer saccharum (Marsh.) and black cherry (BC), Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) in the Tug Hill region of New York State. The potential economic effects of epicormic sprouting by dominant and codominant (DC) SM after defoliation and TSI were statistically significantbut negligible. TSI treatments alone and defoliation alone, however, promoted sprouting in intermediate SM, which may result in future grade reduction. The combination of defoliation and TSI treatment resulted in prolific epicormic sprouting by DC BC. These two disturbances have the potential to cause significant standwide value losses in this species.

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The Combined Effects of Defoliation and Modified Timber Stand Improvement on Hardwoods in the Tug Hill Region of New York

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/24.1.43 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 43-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert A. Wink ◽

Douglas C. Allen

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

New York State ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Forest Tent Caterpillar ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Hill Region ◽

Crown Dieback ◽

Tent Caterpillar

Abstract A 2×2 factorial analysis of variance was used to assess the combined effects of defoliation by forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hub.), that occurred from 1991 through 1993 and concurrent modified timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments on sugar maple [Acersaccharum (Marsh.)] and black cherry [Prunus serotina (Erhr.)] in the Tug Hill region of New York state. Defoliation significantly reduced growth of both overstory sugar maple and black cherry. Defoliation significantly increased both mortality and crown dieback ofoverstory sugar maple. TSI treatments made during the outbreak significantly increased mortality and crown dieback of suppressed sugar maple. Defoliated stands where TSI occurred had lower mortality of overstory sugar maple, and residual overstory sugar maple recovered more rapidly from defoliationcompared with untreated defoliated stands. For the first time, red maple (Acer rubrum L.) is reported as a host for forest tent caterpillar.

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Growth responses of seven major co-occurring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO2

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-195 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1479-1484 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

F. A. Bazzaz ◽

J. S. Coleman ◽

S. R. Morse

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Growth Enhancement ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Red Maple ◽

Growth Responses ◽

White Pine ◽

American Beech ◽

Harvard Forest ◽

Paper Birch

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

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Relating spatial patterns of sugar maple reproductive success and relative deer density in northern New York State

Forest Ecology and Management ◽

10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00137-3 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 181 (1-2) ◽

pp. 253-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Karl A Didier ◽

William F Porter

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

New York State ◽

York State ◽

Deer Density

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Ice damage impacts on the health of the northern New York State forest

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc77619-4 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 619-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Paul D. Manion ◽

David H. Griffin ◽

Benjamin D. Rubin

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

New York State ◽

Forest Health ◽

Basal Area ◽

Ice Storm ◽

Red Maple ◽

Severe Damage ◽

Crown Condition ◽

White Pine ◽

York State

Detailed crown condition information, including numbers of broken branches ≥ 5 cm diameter, broken tops, and healthy branches, were recorded for 5434 living trees > 9 cm dbh from 603 ten-basal-area-factor prism plots (three per forest stand) at 201 random points (stands) throughout the ice damage region of northern New York State. Twenty five percent of the sample stands had ≥ 20% branch breakage. Bigtooth aspen, red oak, red maple, and white pine had the most breakage. Comparison of potential mortality of trees associated with ≥ 75% ice damage (severe damage) to baseline (predicted) mortality to maintain the existing forest structure suggests that ice damage may alter the health of 18% of the forest stands but this is not sufficient to alter the health (sustainability) of the larger forest system. Key words: ice storm, forest health, sustainability, growth, mortality, dbh classes

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Diet Quality of Farm and Nonfarm Households in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Roles of Technological Change and Women’s Work

Social Science History ◽

10.1017/ssh.2019.36 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 705-731

Author(s):

Cathleen Zick ◽

Anna Birtulescu

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Positive Association ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Household Technology ◽

Meal Preparation ◽

Upstate New York ◽

Strong Positive Association

ABSTRACTIn recent decades, dramatic increases in Americans’ obesity rates have led some nutrition activists to call for a return to the dietary norms of earlier times when homemakers spent more time in meal preparation. Using archival data from unique survey records gathered in Upstate New York in 1936 and 1952, we provide descriptive information on the quality of the diets using measures of the variety of foods served and a modified version of U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Healthy Eating Index. Our multivariate analyses focus in on the relationships between diet quality and sociodemographics, homemakers’ time use, and household technology. We conclude that the typical Upstate New York diet of the 1930s was not of high quality, but improvements had occurred by the early 1950s. Our multivariate analyses reveal that access to modern kitchen technology had a strong, positive association with diet quality while homemakers’ time devoted to food-related activities was only weakly linked.

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