Tooth- and Patient-Related Conditions May Influence Root Canal Treatment Indication

Aim. To investigate predisposing aspects related to the indication for root canal treatment (RCT) at Dental Schools of Brazil. Methods. Data of 207 patients referred to endodontic treatment at undergraduate Dental Schools of Brazil were collected over a period of 8 months. Patient-related data included age, gender, first dental visit, tooth brushing frequency, number of remaining teeth, and previous endodontic treatment, and tooth-related information regarding number, type, and location in the mouth of teeth that need RCT, waiting time for the endodontic treatment, endodontic diagnosis, pain report, and dental crown condition was collected for each participant. Bivariate analysis (Chi-square test; p < 0.05 ) associated gender and tooth/patient-related conditions. Poisson regression analysis compared multiple endodontic need and exposure variables. Results. Patients were mainly comprised of women (65.2%), aged 18–39 years (69.6%). Previous RCT was significantly more prevalent in women when compared to men p = 0.005 . First dental visit at later moment (after 20 years of age) demonstrated 400% greater prevalence of multiple RCT demand when compared to patients that attended the dental office at age below seven years p = 0.032 . Most of the patients presented only one tooth needing RCT (80.2%), mainly premolars (44.9%). Interestingly, women underwent more RCT in maxillary teeth p = 0.016 and significantly contributed with their report to the diagnosis process when compared to men p = 0.014 . Regarding dental crown condition, 45.4% of all teeth registered unsatisfactory restorations, which were more pronounced in female patients p = 0.018 . Unsatisfactory restorations or dental caries had 75% and 82%, respectively, less prevalence of multiple RCT indication when compared to sound dental crown p = 0.001 . Conclusions. RCT was undertaken more frequently in young female adults’ premolars presenting unsatisfactory restorations. First dental visit, number of teeth with previous endodontic treatment, tooth group, and dental crown condition were significantly associated with the necessity of multiple endodontic treatments.

Analysis of the vitality of the Agathis dammara tree at Situ Gunung Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park

Vitality is the vigor value of the trees in responding to environmental conditions. Determined vitality value was by calculating tree damage and crown condition. The Agathis dammara tree is a native Indonesian plant in the Situ Gunung Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGGP). This study aims to determine the vitality and value of the health status of Agathis dammara trees at Situ Gunung Resort, TNGGP. The research location is in the utilization zone at the Situ Gunung Resort, TNGGP, covering an area of 700 haBuilt observation plots based on the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) cluster plot design as many as nine cluster plots. They have calculated tree damage based on the location where found the damage was in the FHM method. Calculated condition canopy based on five parameters visual crown. Assessment of tree health status uses a forest health assessment information system. The results showed that the location where found the most damage was at the root and lower stem (code 2) as many as 67 trees, dominated by liana damage (code 20) as many as 43 trees, with an average damage level of 35%. The live crown ratio 20-35%, crown density 25-50%, foliage transparency 50-70%, crown diameter 2.5-10 m, and dieback 0-5%. The value of the health status of the Agathis dammara tree has a value of 1.69-2.44. Thus, these conditions illustrate that the vitality and value of the health status of Agathis dammara trees at Situ Gunung Resort, TNGGP are in the medium criteria and category.

Analysis of internal factors affecting the health condition of mangrove forests in the coastal area of East Lampung Regency

The surrounding community widely uses mangrove forests as a fulfillment of life. This requires an efforts to preserve the mangrove forest so that no damage occurs. This study aimed to determine the internal factors that affect the health condition of mangrove forests. The research method used to obtain internal factor data is by measuring the ecological indicators of forest health using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) method, then the data is processed by the Multiple Regression Analysis method using SPSS 20 through data on internal factors of mangrove forest health which are analyzed for their effect on health conditions of the mangrove forest. The results showed that the significant value of the regression was 0.008 ((α = 0.05) > 0.008), this means that simultaneously the independent variables (tree damage, crown damage, Cation Exchange Capacity-CEC, and biodiversity have an effect on the dependent variable (mangrove forest health) at the level of = 5%. Furthermore, through individual regression coefficients from internal factor data, it is found that the internal factors of biodiversity indicators in measurements 1 and 2 and crown conditions in the second measurement do not affect forest health conditions. Therefore, this research concludes that the internal factors that affect the level of forest health in the first measurement are vitality indicators (tree damage/cluster Plot Index-CLI and crown condition) and site quality indicators (CEC). Meanwhile, in the second measurement, there was a change in the crown condition parameters, which did not significantly affect forest health.

TREE DAMAGE AND MISTLETOE IMPACT ON URBAN GREEN AREAS

ABSTRACT Green areas in cities provide several benefits to people, however, several biotic and abiotic agents affects the tree’s health. The main goals of this research were to identify tree damages and to assess the impact of mistletoe on dendrometric variables and the crown condition. Four thousand, seven hundred seventy-five trees were evaluated in 16 green areas of eight Mayoralties in Mexico City; each tree was labeled, and total tree height (Th), diameter at breast height (DBH), damage agents (up to three types), and the crown variables: Live crown ratio (Lcr), Crown dieback (Cdie), Mistletoe severity (Ms) and Crown position (Cpo) were recorded. Of the assessed trees, 3318 presented damage. For the type of damage 1, the mistletoes Cladocolea and Struthanthus showed an average incidence of 42%. For type 2, 20 agents and type 3, 11 were identified. Mechanical wounds, sucking insects, vandalism, and cankers were the most common damages. Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), trees of all diameters and heights were infected, however, Struthanthus was associated with taller and larger diameter trees. Lcr was lower, and Cdie and Ms were higher in infected trees. About Cpo, dominant and codominant trees showed the highest levels of severity by mistletoe. The most affected tree genera were Ulmus and Populus (low Lcr and high Cdie and Ms). Cladocolea was found toward southern Mayoralties, and Struthanthus at the north. It is recommended to assess at least two types of damage on each tree, as this will provide a more complete picture of its health. This is the first study in Mexico on the impact of mistletoe on tree crown variables

The crown condition of Norway spruce and occurrence of symptoms caused by Armillaria spp. in mixed stands

Mixed stands are currently supported as effective management options to reduce forest vulnerability to climate change. However, our issues about benefits of mixtures, mechanisms of their incidence and conditions for their effectiveness have yet been only partly clarified. We assessed the crown condition of Norway spruce (Picea abies /L./ Karst) and occurrence of symptoms caused by Armillaria spp. on spruce in a small area in the Drahanská vrchovina Highlands (Czech Republic) in differently mixed stands in 2002 and 2019. We found that although the broadleaf abundance affected the total defoliation of Norway spruce, the effect was unstable in time. The observed effect of altitudinal zones and Norway spruce abundance on the occurrence of symptoms of Armillaria root rot in spruce was also unstable. The drought during recent four years and the implemented forestry measures (salvage and intermediate felling) can be reasons for the relationship instability. We did not identify any statistically significant relationship between tree species diversity (Simpson’s Index) and defoliation.

Earth Observation Based Monitoring of Forests in Germany: A Review

Forests in Germany cover around 11.4 million hectares and, thus, a share of 32% of Germany’s surface area. Therefore, forests shape the character of the country’s cultural landscape. Germany’s forests fulfil a variety of functions for nature and society, and also play an important role in the context of climate levelling. Climate change, manifested via rising temperatures and current weather extremes, has a negative impact on the health and development of forests. Within the last five years, severe storms, extreme drought, and heat waves, and the subsequent mass reproduction of bark beetles have all seriously affected Germany’s forests. Facing the current dramatic extent of forest damage and the emerging long-term consequences, the effort to preserve forests in Germany, along with their diversity and productivity, is an indispensable task for the government. Several German ministries have and plan to initiate measures supporting forest health. Quantitative data is one means for sound decision-making to ensure the monitoring of the forest and to improve the monitoring of forest damage. In addition to existing forest monitoring systems, such as the federal forest inventory, the national crown condition survey, and the national forest soil inventory, systematic surveys of forest condition and vulnerability at the national scale can be expanded with the help of a satellite-based earth observation. In this review, we analysed and categorized all research studies published in the last 20 years that focus on the remote sensing of forests in Germany. For this study, 166 citation indexed research publications have been thoroughly analysed with respect to publication frequency, location of studies undertaken, spatial and temporal scale, coverage of the studies, satellite sensors employed, thematic foci of the studies, and overall outcomes, allowing us to identify major research and geoinformation product gaps.

The relationship between height and diameter trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and the extent of crown defoliation in the Kampinos National Park

Forests in Kampinos National Park contain some of the most valuable tree populations in Poland. Particularly interesting are stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) that are more than 130-years-old. Periodic observations of the health of tree crowns in these stands facilitates a wide range of research investigations. This article evaluates statistical relationships between allometric features of trees and the occurrence and severity of crown defoliation.Observations were made of 5 pine populations in 2017 and 2019, in which detailed data were collected for 250 trees. The percentage loss of the assimilation apparatus and level of stand damage were calculated.The results revealed a significant increase in defoliation between 2017 and 2019. The deterioration of crown condition was particularly evident on the most fertile sites. The degree of crown damage was not correlated with tree height or diameter. The greatest increase in defoliation between 2017 and 2019 was observed for the most severely damaged trees growing on fertile sites.This study contributes analyses aimed at correlating the allometric features of a stand with its health. Such information is valuable as it describes the status of the analysed stands, as well as providing information about how trees have responded to environmental conditions. In this study, crown defoliation coincided with a period of drought in Poland, which appears to have affected pine stands. For these reasons, the results are of both scientific and practical value.

Norway spruce responses to drought forcing in area affected by forest decline

Aim of study: To assess the crown condition and radial growth of Norway spruce on plots with an increasing frequency and strength of drought during the last decades.Area of the study: Northern Moravia, Czech Republic.Material and methods: Crown condition assessment and dendrochronology analysis were used.Main results: Tree-ring width was significantly influenced mainly by previous autumn and current summer climate. Temporal variability of growth-climate relationship shows that the impact of water sufficiency (precipitation, relative soil water content, drought index) markedly increased mainly during the 2000s and the 2010s. Most of climate-growth relationships were significant only in the last two or three decades. The observed crown condition and their relationships with TRW also indicate stress intensification during the same period. Our results suggest that the water availability was the main factor affecting radial growth, occurrence of negative pointer years and probably also the factor triggering the decline.Research highlights: In these current site and climate conditions, silviculture of Norway spruce is extremely risky in the study area. Our results have also shown that the observed climate change is too dynamic for the long-term forest plans, especially as regards their recommended forest species composition.

PENILAIAN KESEHATAN JALUR HIJAU DI KOTA BOGOR

Bogor is one of the cities in Indonesia having high density of fossil-fueled transportation because Bogor become supporting city for national activities. The transport density would have a negative impact on the environment such as air and noise pollution. One of the ways to reduce negative effect of transportation is to establish a green urban open space. Green belt is one example of green urban open space. Green belt contributes to reduce the pollution caused by emissions from transportation. Green belt stands condition mostly suffered incrown damage as a result of air pollution, stem damage caused by open wound due to human activities such as advertising, billboards, banners, street signs, and stem damage due to pests and fungal decay. So it is necessary to maintain and to monitor the health stand of the green urban open space. Forest health monitoring (FHM) methods is one of the ways to evaluate the condition of the stands on the green belt. The study was conducted at green belt in Bogor city. Those were Dr. Sumeru street, KH Abdullah Bin Nuh R (ABN) street,Bubulak street, Darul Quran street, Lawang Gintung street and Pajajaran Street. Information obtained on health level of green belt vitality indicators was recorded based on tree damage and crown condition. Dr. Sumeru street green belt is the green belt which had the highest species diversity (11 species),while the green belt Bubulak street had the lowest species diversity (2 species). Kenari and mahoni species were the dominant species planted across the green belt. Based on the value of TDLI (tree demage level index), the ABN street green belt had the smallest tree demage (1.89%) and had highest healthy trees (82.50%). Bubulak street had highest heavily demaged tree in the green belt than the others (8.16%). VCR (visual crown rating) in Dr Semeru street green belt had the lowest value of VCR (14.47%) than the others. Based on the analysis of the both conditions TDLI and VCR, Darul Quran street green belt was the most healthy green belt (87.69%) than the others. This green belt also had very small unhealthy tree condition (3.08%). ABN and PJR green belts are had the unhealthy condition of the tree. ABN green belt had more trees in unsanitary conditions (12.50%). Dr semeru street green belt had less healthy condition of trees very much than the others (20.75%).Tree demage in Bogor city is also caused by the advertisement using nail.