scholarly journals SPATIO-TEMPORAL EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM EARTHQUAKE EVENTS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION IN GENESIS OF <i>TSUNAMI</i> IN THE INDIAN OCEAN

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-5/W2 ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Khan ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
P. Lal
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Focal Depth ◽  
Fault Line ◽  
High Magnitude ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
2004 Tsunami ◽  
Very High

Abstract. A very high magnitude earthquake (9.1 MW) triggered a devastating Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26th December 2004. The epicentre was located at 3.3° N, 95.8° E with a focal depth of ~30 km. The impacts of Tsunami were felt as far away in Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya along the east coast of Africa. Considering the role of earthquake, in the present study the spatio-temporal analysis of long term (1901 to 2019) earthquake events was performed, which recorded by USGS to understand the genesis of Tsunami (2004) in the Indian Ocean. The study exhibited that the maximum frequency of earthquake was observed between the ranges of 4 MW to 6 MW on the Richter scale during 2001–2010. There was only one earthquake event > 8 MW on the Richter scale (26th December 2004 having depth 30 km) in the Indian Ocean recorded during 1901–2019. The study exhibited that the maximum earthquake was observed between 30–40 km below the surface, and primarily of moderate to low magnitudes. The proximity analysis along the major fault line indicates that the maximum earthquakes were in the buffer of 200 km from fault line in Bay of Bengal. The decadal variation of earthquake exhibits that the maximum number of earthquake events (8427 events) were triggered during the year 2001–2010, whereas during the year 2004, the total 902 earthquake events > 4 MW was recorded. The study indicates that the earthquakes > 7 MW (on Richter scale) and depth below 30 km (shallow earthquake) are primarily responsible to major Tsunami events in the Indian Ocean. The very high magnitude (> 9 MW on the Richter scale) and shallow depth (~30 km) are the major cause of 2004 Tsunami and its high level of damage. There were very low frequency (10–15 events) of earthquake occurred having magnitude > 7 and depth < 30 km.

scholarly journals Analysis of Drought-Sensitive Areas and Evolution Patterns through Statistical Simulations of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Gang Gao ◽  
Vonevilay Sombutmounvong ◽  
Lihua Xiong ◽  
Joo-Heon Lee ◽  
Jong-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Indochina Peninsula ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole Mode ◽  
Sensitive Areas ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Long Term Trend

In this study, we investigated extreme droughts in the Indochina peninsula and their relationship with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode. Areas most vulnerable to drought were analyzed via statistical simulations of the IOD based on historical observations. Results of the long-term trend analysis indicate that areas with increasing spring (March–May) rainfall are mainly distributed along the eastern coast (Vietnam) and the northwestern portions of the Indochina Peninsula (ICP), while Central and Northern Laos and Northern Cambodia have witnessed a reduction in spring rainfall over the past few decades. This trend is similar to that of extreme drought. During positive IOD years, the frequency of extreme droughts was reduced throughout Vietnam and in the southwestern parts of China, while increased drought was observed in Cambodia, Central Laos, and along the coastline adjacent to the Myanmar Sea. Results for negative IOD years were similar to changes observed for positive IOD years; however, the eastern and northern parts of the ICP experienced reduced droughts. In addition, the results of the statistical simulations proposed in this study successfully simulate drought-sensitive areas and evolution patterns of various IOD changes. The results of this study can help improve diagnostic techniques for extreme droughts in the ICP.

scholarly journals INCREASE OF THE THERMOCLINE LAYER DUE TO TSUNAMI 2004 IN NANGRO ACEH DARUSSALAM WATERS

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadikusumah Hadikusumah ◽  
J. D. Lekalete
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Straits Of Malacca ◽  
Tsunami Energy

Research of physical oceanographic conditions post-tsunami was carried out and subsequently compared with the pre-tsunami 1998. Measurement of suhu, salinity and light transmission was conducted by CTDSBE911pls Model. Results showed that the flow in the Straits of Malacca flowed into the northwest and turned back into the Strait of Bengal and the next rotation into the flow of waters along the west coast of Nangro Aceh Darusalam (NAD). The mainstream off coast NAD in the Indian Ocean flowed to the northwest. Upper thermocline layer (17 m to 50 m) moved upward in 2005 and 2006 compared with previous data 1998 (90 m to 125 m). The moving upward thermocline in 2006 was allegedly due to the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) positive. This requires further verification through long-term data collection to determine the monthly and annual variations, which will be compared with previous research. Light transmission (Tx) in 2005 from the surface to near the bottom (water column) was found lower than the year 1998 and 2006. This result was allegedly caused by resuspension from the seabed by energy turbulent produced by the tsunami. Heat content between 5 to 65 m depth in 2005 was higher than in 1998 and 2006. The higher heat content during the year of 2005 (post tsunami) was caused by friction due to the influence of tsunami energy, which predominantly found in the mixed layer depth. Type of water masses in the study area was a mixing between the local water mass, Malacca Strait Water (MSA), Bay of Bengal Water (BBW) under the influence of Arab Waters (AW), and the Indian Deep Water (IDW).Keywords: current, thermocline, heat content, watermass type, and Nangro Aceh Darusalam

scholarly journals Current condition of coastal protection structures of Meulaboh, Westcoast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
W B Setyawan ◽  
E Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Erosion Hazard ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
2004 Tsunami ◽  
The City ◽  
Protection Structures

Abstract Meulaboh is coastal city that has tourism potential. The city has been facing coastal erosion hazard since a long time from high energy wave activity coming from Indian Ocean. To protect the coast from the erosion hazard, a coastal defence structures were built along the city’s coast overlooking the Indian Ocean. Before the 2004 tsunami, hard structures built on the coast that open to waves from the Indian Ocean were damaged by daily wave activity. This study assess effectiveness of the current coastal protection structures protect coastline in the three coastal segments of the city, namely the Padang Seurahet, Ujung Karang and Kampung Pasir, in order to find out if the construction of the structures is the right choice. Related to the tourism potential of Meulaboh City also studied the possibility to expand the function of the structures. The coastal protection structures data for this study were mainly obtained from field observations in June 2021. Effectiveness of the structures protecting coastline were analysed based on technical criteria. Meanwhile, possibility to expand the function of the structures were analysed according to environmental condition of the coastal segments and types of tourism activity. The results of this study show that the hard structure that now exists on Meulaboh coast can protect the city’s coast from the hazard of erosion without negatively impacting the surrounding coastline. In addition, the structure is considered to be expandable to support the development of tourism potential of Meulaboh City. Thus it can be conclude that the choice of hard structure for coastal protection in most of Meulaboh coastline is appropriate.

scholarly journals Tracing the colonization history of the Indian Ocean scops-owls (Strigiformes: Otus) with further insight into the spatio-temporal origin of the Malagasy avifauna

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Fuchs ◽  
Jean-Marc Pons ◽  
Steven M Goodman ◽  
Vincent Bretagnolle ◽  
Martim Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Colonization History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Insight Into

INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI ON 26 DECEMBER 2004: NUMERICAL MODELING OF INUNDATION IN THREE CITIES ON THE SOUTH COAST OF SRI LANKA

2008 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. WIJETUNGE ◽  
XIAOMING WANG ◽  
PHILIP L.-F. LIU
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Indian Ocean Tsunami ◽  
The South ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Inundation Maps ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
2004 Tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused enormous loss of lives and damage to property in Sri Lanka and in several other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. One way of mitigating potential loss of lives from a similar event in the future is through early warning and quick evacuation of vulnerable coastal communities to safer areas, and such evacuation planning is usually carried out based on inundation maps. Accordingly, the present paper outlines the numerical modelling carried out to develop tsunami inundation maps on a grid of 10 m resolution for three cities on the south coast of Sri Lanka. The results give the tsunami arrival time contours and the spatial distribution of the extent of inundation, the maximum flow velocities as well as the hydrodynamic force in these three cities due to an event similar to the 2004 tsunami.

DAMAGE AND RECONSTRUCTION OF LIFELINES IN PHANG NGA PROVINCE, THAILAND AFTER THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

2010 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIRO TAKADA ◽  
YASUKO KUWATA ◽  
ARUN PINTA
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
City Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Okushiri Island

The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred in December 2004 caused destructive damage to Phang Nga Province, Thailand. We carried out two times of interview surveys about 1 and 3 years after the event to administrative bodies and lifeline companies for getting the information on lifeline damage, restoration and reconstruction situation, and summarized the basic concept of reconstruction plan of tsunami suffered towns considering lifeline restoration. On the other hand, as for the comparison of reconstruction problems, the lifelines recovery is reviewed at Aonae district in Okushiri Island after the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake. As the result, the difference of the process of reconstruction of town and lifelines has been revealed and the importance of preparing of the reconstruction plan before the event under the consideration of a long-term city planning is pointed out.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: A 1000-yr-old tsunami in the Indian Ocean points to greater risk for East Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Maselli
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
2004 Tsunami ◽  
Area Section

Additional information on the study area (Section S1), radiocarbon dating of the samples (Section S2), grain size analysis (Section S3), paleoenvironmental reconstructions (Section S4), tsunami modeling (Section S5), and eyewitnesses of the 2004 tsunami in Pangani (Section S6), and the Ethics statement (Section S7).<br>

scholarly journals INCREASE OF THE THERMOCLINE LAYER DUE TO TSUNAMI 2004 IN NANGRO ACEH DARUSSALAM WATERS

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadikusumah Hadikusumah ◽  
J. D. Lekalete
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Mixed Layer Depth ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Straits Of Malacca ◽  
Tsunami Energy

<p>Research of physical oceanographic conditions post-tsunami was carried out and subsequently compared with the pre-tsunami 1998. Measurement of suhu, salinity and light transmission was conducted by CTDSBE911pls Model. Results showed that the flow in the Straits of Malacca flowed into the northwest and turned back into the Strait of Bengal and the next rotation into the flow of waters along the west coast of Nangro Aceh Darusalam (NAD). The mainstream off coast NAD in the Indian Ocean flowed to the northwest. Upper thermocline layer (17 m to 50 m) moved upward in 2005 and 2006 compared with previous data 1998 (90 m to 125 m). The moving upward thermocline in 2006 was allegedly due to the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) positive. This requires further verification through long-term data collection to determine the monthly and annual variations, which will be compared with previous research. Light transmission (Tx) in 2005 from the surface to near the bottom (water column) was found lower than the year 1998 and 2006. This result was allegedly caused by resuspension from the seabed by energy turbulent produced by the tsunami. Heat content between 5 to 65 m depth in 2005 was higher than in 1998 and 2006. The higher heat content during the year of 2005 (post tsunami) was caused by friction due to the influence of tsunami energy, which predominantly found in the mixed layer depth. Type of water masses in the study area was a mixing between the local water mass, Malacca Strait Water (MSA), Bay of Bengal Water (BBW) under the influence of Arab Waters (AW), and the Indian Deep Water (IDW).</p><p>Keywords: current, thermocline, heat content, watermass type, and Nangro Aceh Darusalam</p>

scholarly journals Estimating Fishing Effort and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Longline Vessels in the Indian Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Febrianto W. Utama ◽  
Xavier Hoenner ◽  
Britta Denise Hardesty ◽  
David Peel ◽  
Jessica H. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Fisheries Resources ◽  
Spatial Shift ◽  
Landing Sites ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Protein from fish is essential for feeding the world’s population and is increasingly recognized as critical for food security. To ensure that fisheries resources can be sustainably maintained, fisheries management must be appropriately implemented. When logbook and landing records data are not complete or are incorrect, it is challenging to have an accurate understanding of catch volume. Focusing on Indonesian longline vessels operating in the Indian Ocean from 2012–2019 (n = 1124 vessels), our aims were to (1) assess compliance through identification of landing sites and potentially illicit behavior inferred by interruptions in VMS transmission, and (2) understand how the fishery operates along with quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of fishing intensity by applying a Hidden Markov Model, which automatically classified each VMS position as fishing, steaming and anchoring. We found vessel compliance gaps in 90% of vessels in the dataset. Compliance was questionable due both to the widespread occurrence of long intermissions in relaying VMS positions (mean = 17.8 h, n = 973 vessels) and the use of unauthorized landing sites. We also observed substantial changes in fishing effort locations among years. The introduction of regulatory measures during the study period banning transshipment and foreign vessels may be responsible for the spatial shift in fishing activity we observed, from encompassing nearly the whole Indian Ocean to more recent intense efforts off western Sumatra and northern Australia.

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