A Recycling Alternative for Expanded Polystyrene Residues Using Natural Esters

The objective of this research is to provide a new recycling method for one of the most consumed plastics today, since it is used for the manufacture of a wide variety of industrial products, which leads to an environmental problem caused by incorrect handling and final disposal.The dissolution of expanded polystyrene waste (WEP) was evaluated by using natural esters for its post treatment and recovery. The use of omega-3 as a natural solvent creates an opportunity to take advantage of natural biomass, since it can be obtained from the residues from the fishing activity, this being an economic advantage for obtaining raw material and also friendly with the environment.For the development of this research, expanded polystyrene containers were used, as well as omega-3 and glyceryl tributyrate as natural solvents and ethyl butyrate as synthetic solvent, methanol and isopropanol for recovery and cleaning of the polystyrene. The characterization of the recovered material was carried out with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The experimental data obtained indicated that the use of these esters is a good alternative for the recycling of expanded polystyrene.

Malokun Festival and Practices among the Mahin on the Ilaje Coast

Religious beliefs in the precolonial kingdom of Mahin in the Ilaje area of Yorubaland were closely linked to fishing, the fish trade, and other socio-economic activities. Apart from helping to catch fish for immediate consumption, the worship of Malokun facilitated short and long distance trade in fish as a veritable trade article to be exchanged for agricultural goods. This article relies largely on oral interviews gathered from stake-holders such as the practitioners of Malokun religious rites, especially the chiefs and other community members. A group of fishermen were also interviewed alongside some fish sellers in Mahinland and in Igbokoda, the central market of Ilaje. Fishing activity significantly impacted on the development of Mahin in the past. The efficacy of ritualperformances is still held in trust by the people whose ways of life are innately fused to the performances of Malokun. The article concludes that like the Mahin, most coastal communities in Yorubaland explored their natural endowments and entrenched them into their socio-economic activities; hence, religious beliefs and economic activities are interwoven and are regarded as inseparable.

An analysis of historical landing data of some pelagic species caught by purse seines in the Aegean Sea

The fishing activity with purse seines in the Aegean Sea accounts for almost half of the pelagic fish excluding anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus Linnaeus, 1758) in Turkey. In this study, we aimed to analyse the catch amounts of some important pelagic species caught by Aegean purse seiners between 1973 and 2019. While mid-1990s are the most captured years for the European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum, 1792) in Aegean Sea and also Turkish Seas, this amount has decreased at the level of 10000 mt in the mid-2000s and remained similar amounts up to now. Though European pilchard was the most caught species in the Aegean until 2011, this has changed in favour of anchovy in the last decade. Recently, almost all pelagic species such as mackerel (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782) and bogue (Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) have been caught from the Aegean Sea in Turkey. In the study, the production of these species in the historical period was tried to be associated with the regulations implemented with circulars and notifications, and the problems preventing the sustainable use of these species that were caught by purse seiners were determined and solutions were proposed for the future.

EL DESARROLLO DEL TURISMO MARINERO EN ESPAÑA: DIFERENCIAS REGIONALES

En España desde comienzos de este siglo se están desarrollando iniciativas turísticas relacionadas con la actividad pesquera. Se pretende poner en valor para el aprovechamiento turístico la cultura de la pesca y el trabajo de los pescadores, con el fin de generar nuevas rentas que beneficien al sector pesquero y también contribuyan al desarrollo económico local de los puertos en los que se da esta actividad. Este artículo tiene como objetivos fundamentales: la recopilación de la normativa legal que ampara a esta actividad, tanto a nivel autonómico como estatal, y la relación de las iniciativas que se ofertan en cada Comunidad Autónoma para señalar sus singularidades y los contrastes entre las mismas. In Spain, since the beginning of this century, tourism initiatives related to fishing activity have been developed. It is intended to value the culture of fishing and the work of fishermen for tourist use, in order to generate new income that benefits the fishing sector and also contributes to the local economic development of the port in which this activity occurs. This article has as fundamental objectives: the compilation of the legal regulations that protect this activity, both at the regional state level, and the relationship of the initiatives that are offered in each Autonomous Community to point out their singularities and the contrasts between them.

Pollution in the Arctic Ocean: An overview of multiple pressures and implications for ecosystem services

The Arctic is undergoing unprecedented change. Observations and models demonstrate significant perturbations to the physical and biological systems. Arctic species and ecosystems, particularly in the marine environment, are subject to a wide range of pressures from human activities, including exposure to a complex mixture of pollutants, climate change and fishing activity. These pressures affect the ecosystem services that the Arctic provides. Current international policies are attempting to support sustainable exploitation of Arctic resources with a view to balancing human wellbeing and environmental protection. However, assessments of the potential combined impacts of human activities are limited by data, particularly related to pollutants, a limited understanding of physical and biological processes, and single policies that are limited to ecosystem-level actions. This manuscript considers how, when combined, a suite of existing tools can be used to assess the impacts of pollutants in combination with other anthropogenic pressures on Arctic ecosystems, and on the services that these ecosystems provide. Recommendations are made for the advancement of targeted Arctic research to inform environmental practices and regulatory decisions.

Satellite Observation of the Marine Light-Fishing and Its Dynamics in the South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the most important fishery resource bases in the world. Marine fisheries, as a crucial component of regional food security and national revenue, raise wide concern about marine ecology, social-economic and political consequences at regional, national and local scales. The large-scale dynamic detection and analysis of fishing activity in the SCS is still unclear because of the accessibility of in-site data, finite automatic identification system (AIS) usage, complex geopolitics and poor additional data coverage. Nighttime light imagery (NTL) derived from low light imaging sensors and the popularity of light fishing in the SCS offers a unique way to unveil fishing activities and its dynamics. In this study, we proposed a set of algorithms for automatic detection of nighttime fishing activity and provided the first large-scale dynamic analysis of nighttime fishing activity in the SCS using monthly Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) images between 2012 and 2019. The proposed method effectively minimized the spatio-temporal fluctuations in radiance values of background and their implications to ship detection by integrating high radiance gradient detection and local adaptive thresholding. Further, nighttime fishing activity trajectories were decomposed into trend and seasonal components by using Hilbert-Huang transformation (HHT) to accurately access general trends and the seasonality of nighttime fishing activity in the SCS. The typical subregions analysis, environmental driver analysis, correlation coefficient analysis and hot spot analysis were integrated to characterize the nighttime fishing activity. It appears that the nighttime fishing activity in the SCS exhibited spatio-temporal variability and heterogeneity and was shaped by policy and natural factors such as holidays, annual Chinese fishery moratoria in the Chinese Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and seasonal tropical storm activity.

Formation and optimization of costs of production fishing activity of vessels

В работе рассмотрен процесс формирования производственных издержек в трех различных сценариях промысловой обстановки, описаны издержки, возникающие в каждом из сценариев. Выполнена оценка вероятности наступления того или иного сценария промысловой обстановки. Сформулирован подход к определению средневзвешенных издержек судна. Сформулирован подход для определения средневзвешенного улова судна на основании многолетних данных о добыче промыслового объекта. Данная оценка может быть использована при планировании работы добывающего судна. Полученные значения средневзвешенных затрат подсистем «добыча» и «обработка» производственного процесса на добывающем судне, а также средневзвешенное значение суточного вылова использованы в задаче оптимизации режима обработки суточного вылова с условием минимизации затрат. Приведен пример расчет среднесуточного вылова и решение оптимизационной задачи для промыслового объекта сардина иваси. The paper considers the process of forming production costs in three different scenarios of the fishing situation, describes the costs arising in each of the scenarios. The probability of occurrence of a particular scenario of the fishing situation is estimated. An approach to determining the weighted average costs of a vessel is formulated. An approach is formulated to determine the weighted average catch of a vessel based on long-term data on the production of a fishing object. This assessment can be used when planning the operation of a mining vessel. The obtained values of the weighted average costs of the subsystems "production" and "processing" of the production process on the producing vessel, as well as the weighted average value of the daily catch, are used in the task of optimizing the processing mode of the daily catch with the condition of minimizing costs. An example is given of calculating the average daily catch and solving the optimization problem for the sardine ivasi fishing object.

Reuse of aquaculture wastewater treated in constructed wetlands

Water reuse in fish farming is a practice that has been spreading significantly, therefore requiring more efficient and vigorous treatment systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential reuse of aquaculture wastewater after being treated in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CW). Three HSSF-CWs with dimensions of 1.0 m in width, 3.0 m in length, and 0.30 m in depth were evaluated. One HSSF-CW had stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) cultivated; the other had cattail (Typha latifolia), and the third was used as a control, where there was no cultivation. The wastewater was provided from three Nile tilapia breeding tanks, which recirculated the entire system after going through the HSSF-CW. The following variables were determined every five days at the HSSF-CW influent and effluent: temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, ammonium, and nitrate. The treatment in the HSSF-CW allowed the reuse of aquaculture wastewater as it provides water quality levels according to the recommendation for Nile tilapia breeding. Furthermore, the water quality parameters monitored in HSSF-CW effluent remained within limits established by CONAMA Resolution No. 357/2005 for aquaculture and fishing activity.

UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE PATH PLANNING FOR MARITIME SURVEILLANCE USING CLUSTER-BASE METHOD

This paper discusses a method to determine the operation route for unmanned aerial vehicles for maritime surveillance. It is well known that there are several methods to make an aircraft path planning for ground related missions. On the other hand, path planning for maritime purposes is unnoticeable. The major problem of path planning for maritime is the abundant number of nodes which can make the route becomes quite long. Hence, reducing the number of nodes is necessary to rectify this problem. The main method is to separate the surveillance area into a smaller area of operation using clustering methods and then analyze the vulnerable area using the database to create an optimum flight path in each operation area. Although this paper specifically addresses a maritime-related mission, the path planning procedures can be applied to other missions as well. In this research, the input is given from satellite recorded data. Natuna Sea is chosen as the main discussion as the Natuna Sea currently is one of the most vulnerable regions in Indonesia for illegal fishing activity. The result shows that the aircraft path able to cover most of the vulnerable areas while optimizing the route distance.