Abstract. Providing high accuracy in quantitative extreme precipitation forecasting (QEPF) is still a challenge. California is vulnerable to extreme precipitation, which occurs due to atmospheric rivers and might be more intense with climate change. Accordingly, this study is an attempt to evaluate the extreme precipitation forecasting performance of a QPF model, the Weather Research and Forecast Model, version 3.1.7, for the extreme precipitation event that caused the 1997 New Year’s flood in California. Sensitivities of 19 microphysics schemes are tested by utilizing 18 various Goodness of Fit (GoF) tests for hourly and point-wise comparisons between 3-km horizontal domain resolution simulations of the WRF Model and observations. The results indicate that the coefficient of persistence (cp) is the first metric that needs to be evaluated because it determines whether simulation versus observation values are reasonable. Comparisons of 3 out of 8 stations in the American River Watershed passed this test. The results also show that Normalized Root Mean Square Errors (NRMSE) and Percent Bias (PBIAS) metrics are more representative than others due to their ability to discriminate model performances. Further, microphysics (MP) schemes are also significantly sensitive to location. Although 3 of the stations that passed the cp test are quite near to each other spatially, different MP schemes become prominent for different observation locations. For instance, for the ALP station, MP3, MP8, MP17, and MP28 indicate better performances, whereas the errors of MP3, MP8, MP9, and MP17 are less than other MPs for the BTA station. However, MP11 has the only reasonable results, according to cp values for the CAP station. The MPs are also evaluated for 72-hr and basin-averaged precipitation estimations of the WRF Model by means of true percent relative errors. The results show that the accuracy of the WRF Model is much higher for the 72-hr total basin-averaged evaluations than for the hourly and point-wise comparisons. Thus, the Thompson Scheme (MP8) indicates more trustworthy results than others, with a 3.1 % true percent relative error. Although WRF simulations overestimate the 72-hr basin-averaged precipitation for most of the MP schemes, this may not be pronounced for moderate, heavy, and extreme precipitation when hourly and point-wise evaluations are performed but is valid for light precipitation.
Sensitivity of the WRF model to the lower boundary in an extreme precipitation event – Madeira Island case study
