scholarly journals Economics of Potato Production for Autumn Season 2015-2016 (Baghdad Governorate as A Practical Case)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Faisal H. Nasser ◽  
Osamah K. Al-Ukeil
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Autumn Season ◽  
Economic Price ◽  
Total Cost Function

"The research aimed at estimating the production function and the total cost function, as well as measuring the efficiency of resource use, technical, economic, price and cost efficiency. The study was based primarily on a simple random sample of (155) farmers in Baghdad governorate for the autumn season (2015-2016), The double logarithmic formula was the most suitable for the production function. The results of the resource efficiency criteria indicated that potato farmers were efficient in using resources (seed, phosphate fertilizer, human labor) and were inefficient in using irrigation and pesticides. While the cubic formula was more suitable for the total cost function according to the statistical, econometrical and economical tests, and from it we showed that the optimum size of production and size that maximize profit are (119.069, 143.398) ton consequently. Technical, economic and price efficiencies were estimated at (34.25933, 34.25937, 73.521)% consequently, while cost efficiency was estimated at (0.454), and the net farm income that achieved over all the sample less about (10380.741) thousand dinars than that achieved at optimal size. The research concluded that the quantity of seeds had the greatest impact on potato production and that there was waste in using the available resources, which led to actual production being less than optimum production. The research recommends that the related institutions should work to provide a good quality potato seeds to cover the needs of local farmers, from good sources in a timely manner and at the right price to increase the production and productivity of this important crop and reduce production costs. As well as the protection of the local producer by adopting price policies that grant best income of farmers. Corresponding author: E-mail(Faisal@gmail) Al- Muthanna University All rights reserved"

Sustainable optimal ordering quantity for non-instantaneous deteriorating items under joint replenishment with substitution and carbon emission

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranu Singh ◽  
Vinod Kumar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Inventory Model ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Joint Replenishment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Optimal Ordering ◽  
Ordering Quantity ◽  
Total Cost Function

Purpose Carbon emission is a significant issue for the current business market and global warming. Nowadays, most countries have focused to reduce the environmental impact of business with durable financial benefits. The purpose of this study is to optimize the entire cost functions with carbon emission and to find the sustainable optimal ordering quantity for retailers. Design/methodology/approach This paper illustrates a sustainable inventory model having a set of two non-instantaneous substitutable deteriorating items under joint replenishment with carbon emission. In this model demand and deterioration rate are considered as deterministic, constant and triangular fuzzy numbers. The objective is to find the optimal ordering quantity for retailers and to minimize the total cost function per unit time with carbon emission. The model is then solved with the help of Maple software. Findings This paper presents a solution method and also develop an algorithm to determine the order quantities which optimize the total cost function. A numerical experiment illustrates the improvement in optimal total cost of the inventory model with substitution over without substitution. The graphical results show the convexity of the cost function. Finally, sensitivity analysis is given to get the impact of parameters and validity of the model. Originality/value This study considers a set of two non-instantaneous substitutable deteriorating items under joint replenishment with carbon emission. From the literature review, in the authors’ knowledge no researcher has undergone this kind of study.

Multi-product total cost function for higher education: a case of bible colleges

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajindar K. Koshal ◽  
Manjulika Koshal ◽  
Ashok Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Bible Colleges ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Cost Function

scholarly journals A heuristic algorithm for multiple trip vehicle routing problems with time window constraint and outside carrier selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-273
Author(s):  
Ching-Wu Chu ◽  
Hsiu-Li Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Heuristic Algorithm ◽  
Real World ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Vehicle Routing Problems ◽  
Routing Problems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Cost Function

Purpose In this paper, the authors introduced a real world new problem, the multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows and the possible use of a less-than-truckload carrier to satisfy customer demands. The purpose of this paper is to develop a heuristic algorithm to route the private trucks with time windows and to make a selection between truckload and less-than-truckload carriers by minimizing a total cost function. Design/methodology/approach Both mathematical model and heuristic algorithm are developed for routing the private trucks with time windows and for selecting of less-than-truckload carriers by minimizing the total cost function. Findings In all, 40 test problems were examined with the heuristics. Computational results show that the algorithm obtains the optimal or near-optimal solutions efficiently in terms of time and accuracy. Originality/value The research described in this paper differs from the previous one on fleet planning or vehicle routing, in that it modifies the Clarke and Wright method by shifting the performance measure from a distance to cost and also incorporates the fixed cost of different types of trucks into the model. In addition, the authors simultaneously consider the multiple trip vehicle routing problems with time windows and the selection of less-than-truckload carriers that is an integrated scenario of real-world application. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this scenario has not been considered in the literature.

scholarly journals The Cost Function and Scale Economies in Academic Research Libraries

2002 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Guodo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Research Libraries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Cost Function

This empirical research examined scale economies of academic research libraries that belong to the Association of Research Libraries and developed a total cost function for estimating economies of scale. The author argues that libraries in general, and academic research libraries in particular, are information provision organizations that provide multiproducts and multiservices and points out that some previous studies that used the production function have limitations due to the fact that this function only permits a single-output variable. This investigation incorporated a wide range of collections and service output variables into the total cost function. The regression results show that the R square of the cost function model is .8142 and that the coefficients of three very important output variables (volumes held, serials, and group presentations) are statistically significant at high confidence levels. The findings of this research show that the function coefficient is .93, indicating that slight economies of scale exist in academic research libraries.

scholarly journals An Inventory Ordering Model for Deteriorating Items with Compounding and Backordering

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Cenk Çalışkan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Closed Form Solution ◽  
Form Solution ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Inventory Level ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Compound Interest ◽  
Total Cost Function

We consider the optimal order quantity problem for exponentially deteriorating items where the opportunity cost is based on compound interest and backorders are allowed. Our objectives in this research are to develop a model that accurately models deterioration, compound interest and backordering, and determine a near-optimal and intuitive closed-form solution for the proposed model. Deteriorating items include various chemicals, gasoline and petroleum products, fresh produce, bulk and liquid food products, batteries, and some electronic components. These items incur losses over time due to spoilage, evaporation, chemical decomposition, breakdown, or deterioration in general. Exponential deterioration is commonly used to model this phenomenon, which results in a negative exponential inventory level function, which is asymmetric in the sense that the rate of depletion is highest at the beginning of an ordering cycle, and lowest at the end. On the other hand, the rate of deterioration for individual items is the same at both ends of the cycle, which means it is symmetric. Compounding also leads to exponential terms in the opportunity cost function. Both of these factors result in a total cost function that does not have a closed-form optimal solution. We therefore approximate the total cost function using a Taylor series expansion approximation of the exponential function and derive a closed-form solution that is simple and logical, and very close to the exact optimum, which makes it attractive to the practitioners as a quick and accurate calculation. Our closed form solutions for both the basic and the planned backorders models are very close to the exact optimum, as shown by extensive numerical experiments.

scholarly journals A combinatorial arc tolerance analysis for network flow problems

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Sokkalingam ◽  
Prabha Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Network Flow ◽  
Flow Problem ◽  
Tolerance Analysis ◽  
Network Flow Problems ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Flow Problems ◽  
Optimal Flow ◽  
The Given ◽  
Total Cost Function

For the separable convex cost flow problem, we consider the problem of determining tolerance set for each arc cost function. For a given optimal flow x, a valid perturbation of cij(x) is a convex function that can be substituted for cij(x) in the total cost function without violating the optimality of x. Tolerance set for an arc(i,j) is the collection of all valid perturbations of cij(x). We characterize the tolerance set for each arc(i,j) in terms of nonsingleton shortest distances between nodes i and j. We also give an efficient algorithm to compute the nonsingleton shortest distances between all pairs of nodes in O(n3) time where n denotes the number of nodes in the given graph.

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