scholarly journals Wars and ways of deosmanization of the Balkans (1912-1923)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-47
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Great War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Vast Territory

The dramatic currents of the history of the 19th and 20th centuries in the Balkans cannot be seen in a more comprehensive way, separate from the wider European / world context, geopolitical order, influence and consequences of the interesting logics of superpowers, models of de-Ottomanization and Balkanization. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was in a difficult position, pressured by numerous internal problems, exposed to external political pressures, conditions and wars. Crises and Ottoman military defeats in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and the "Great War" (1914-1918), along with the processes of de-Ottomanization and fragmentation of the territories in which they lived and the growth of divisions, disrupted the self-confidence of Muslims. Expulsions and mass exoduses of entire populations, especially Muslims, culminated in the Balkan wars. Bosniaks, as well as Muslims in the rest of "Ottoman Europe", found themselves in the ranks of several armies in the "Great War". Many Muslims from the Balkans, who arrived in the vast territory of the Empire in earlier times as refugees, also fought in the units of the Ottoman army. In that war it was defeated. On its remnants, a new state of Turkey (1923) was created after the Greco-Ottoman war (1919-1922).

Wars of Balkan Liberation, 1878–1913

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
National Issue

Revolts against Ottoman rule erupted in the Balkans in 1875 and in 1876. Wars in which Montenegro, Romania, Russia, and Serbia fought against the Ottoman Empire broke out soon thereafter. While the Montenegrins and Serbs soon suffered defeat, the Russians overcame Ottoman forces on Bulgarian battlefields. The Treaty of San Stefano of 3 March 1878, imposed by the Russians on the Ottomans, proved to be controversial. In an effort to resolve the national issue of southeastern Europe and to replace the contentious Treaty of San Stefano, the European great powers met at Berlin to forge a new settlement. The Treaty of Berlin of 13 July 1878 established a Bulgarian principality under Ottoman suzerainty. Although the Treaty of Berlin satisfied none of the Balkan countries, rivalries among the Balkan peoples over the disposition of Ottoman territories prevented the formation of a united effort against the Ottomans. After the turn of the 20th century, intra-Balkan rivalries intensified, especially over Macedonia. At the same time, Albanians, Muslim Slavs, and Turks sought to effect reforms within the Ottoman Empire. The seizure of power by the Committee for Union and Progress (Young Turks) in Constantinople and their stated intentions to reform the Ottoman Empire initiated a series of events that led to general conflict. In the immediate aftermath of the Young Turk coup, the Austro-Hungarian government announced the formal annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Concurrently, Bulgaria made a formal declaration of independence. Concerns that Ottoman reform would thwart their nationalist aspirations led many Albanians to revolt in 1910. Two years later, similar apprehensions led the Bulgarians and the Serbs to put aside their rivalries over Macedonia and conclude an anti-Ottoman alliance. The Greeks and Montenegrins subsequently joined this Balkan League. In October 1912, the Balkan League went to war against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan armies triumphed on all fronts. On 30 May 1913, the Balkan allies signed a preliminary peace with the Ottomans in London. Shortly thereafter, the Balkan alliance collapsed due to disputes over the disposition of Ottoman territory. On 30 June, the Bulgarians attacked their former Greek and Serbian allies in Macedonia. The Ottomans entered the fray against Bulgaria to regain lost Thracian territory, and the Romanians invaded Bulgaria to seize southern Dobrudja (Dobrudzha). Attacked on all sides, the Bulgarians were forced to sue for peace. These wars left Bulgaria with a sense of national frustration and the Balkan allies and Romania with a feeling of inflated national success. Within three years, all the participants in the Balkan Wars would again be at war.

scholarly journals ПРИКАЗ ВЕЛИКОГ РАТА У КЊИЗИ ЖИВОТ ЧОВЕКА НА БАЛКАНУ СТАНИСЛАВА КРАКОВА

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Горан М. Максимовић
Keyword(s):  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Special Analysis ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Greek Island

The paper analyzes the review of the Great War (1914-1918) in the memoir book The Life of a Man in the Balkans, by the writer Stanislav Krakov (1895-1968), which he wrote most probably between 1936 and 1968, and was published from a manuscript legacy three decades later after his death, in 1997. Krakov directly participated as a participant at the front in three wars, the First and Second Balkan Wars and the Great War, during which he was severely wounded three times and awarded several times for heroism. The subject of our special analysis is a review of events from the First World War. This refers primarily to the mobilization and war operations in 1914, and then to the withdrawal of the serbian army at the end of 1915 and the beginning of 1916 through Montenegro and Albania, all the way to the Greek island of Corfu. Krakov presented the most complete picture of the war operations in the records from the Salonica Front (1916-1918), as well as in the review of the war operations for the liberation of the entire country until the end of 1918. It is one of the most exciting books of Serbian documentary-artistic prose written in the 20th century, in which the features of autobiographical-memoir and novel prose intersect in a creative way.

scholarly journals Between deosmanization and balkanization: refugee’s steps of bosniak history

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-74
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Past ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Units ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds

The past and the present are inseparable, one interprets the other. Many "long-lasting" processes go beyond local frameworks and regional borders. This also applies to the complex "Eastern question", as well as the problem of the deosmanization of the Balkans, whose political geography in the 19th and 20th centuries was exposed to radical overlaps. Wars and persecutions are important factors in the history of Balkan Muslims. In the seventies of the XIX century, they constituted half of the population in the Ottoman part of the Balkans. With war devastation, a considerable part was killed or expelled to Anadolia between 1870 and 1890. The emergent "Turkish islands" in the Balkans after 1878 were increasingly narrowed, or disappeared due to the displacement of Muslims. Multiethnic and religious color of the Balkans disturbed accounts with simple categorizations. The term "balkanization" signified, after the Balkan wars of 1912-1913, "not only the fragmentation of large and powerful political units, but became synonymous with returning tribal, backward, primitive, and barbaric." The Balkanization of "Ottoman Europe" and the violent changes in its ethnic-religious structure led to discontinuity, the erosion of history, as well as fragmentation of the minds of the remaining Muslims and their afflicted communities, the lack of knowledge of the interconnectedness of their fates. The emigration of Bosniaks and other Muslims of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds from the Balkans to various parts of the Ottoman Empire, and then to Turkey, during the XIX and XX centuries, had a number of consequences.

Great War and the Remaking of Palestine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Tamari
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Great War ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Entity ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Rich History

This rich history of Palestine in the last decade of the Ottoman Empire reveals the nation emerging as a cultural entity engaged in a vibrant intellectual, political, and social exchange of ideas and initiatives. Employing nuanced ethnography, rare autobiographies, and unpublished maps and photos, this book discerns a self-consciously modern and secular Palestinian public sphere. New urban sensibilities, schools, monuments, public parks, railways, and roads catalyzed by the Great War and described in detail by the author show a world that challenges the politically driven denial of the existence of Palestine as a geographic, cultural, political, and economic space.

New Context + Traditional Methods = Unexpected Outcomes

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-118
Author(s):  
Dmitar Tasić
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great War ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Unexpected Outcomes

Chapter IV is dedicated to the situation in all three countries after the Great War, that is, among theirs paramilitaries, and how they have adjusted to new realities. One big change was the fact that Ottoman Empire vanished from the Balkans, however its legacy and traditions were very alive and present. However, some of the former komitajis faced with existential difficulties begin with criminal activities such as pillaging, extortion, kidnapping and smuggling. It also shows how Yugoslav army and Gendarmerie slowly but surely started to coordinate their activities with civil authorities in order to prevent incursions of IMRO komitajis and Albanian kachak’s. Chapter analyses to what extent extraordinary measures that were introduced helped in suppression of two different security challenges as well as what were the answers of individuals and organizations. Most notable were office of the Commissar for Southern Regions and Organization against the Bulgarian Bandits. For the short time of its work office of the Commissar was given extraordinary authorisation and mechanisms for coordination between different agencies which proved efficient in fight against IMRO komitajis and kachaks. Organization against Bulgarian Bandits was completely new paramilitary formation. Created on existing principles it in a way represented step back in efforts to modernize Yugoslav southern regions.

scholarly journals The Europe-Balkan and primitive-civilised antinomies in Micić's Zenit Magazine

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Dijana Metlić
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Great War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Geographical Space

Ljubomir Micić was the founder of Zenitism and the editor of Zenit, the international avant-garde magazine published in Zagreb and Belgrade from 1921 to 1926. Sharply criticising a decadent European culture after the Great War and accepting progressive avant-garde ideas, Micić praised the New art founded on the principles of NEO-primitivism and Russian constructivism, following the technological and scientific progress of the 20th century. Analysing the Zenitist Balkanisation of Europe project led by Barbarogenius, I will point out to Micić's attitude towards the old continent, his efforts to oppose the image of the Balkans as "the inner other of Europe", and his aspiration to revive European culture with the primordial Balkan energy. Declaring the Balkans the sixth continent, the geographical space of the poets, Micić postulated a model of cultural barbarism by which he stood against the established primacy of Western European nations over those that were characterised "less civilised". This paper aims to point out to Micić's understanding of the relationship between the Balkans and Europe, as well as the so-called primitive-civilised opposition, in order to highlight internationalism, pacifism and cosmopolitanism as the key elements of his Zenitosophy

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