Craniological sources on the problem of ethnogenesis of the Narym Selkups

The Narym Selkups are an indigenous population of the Middle Ob River region speaking various dialects of the Selkup language related to the South-Samodian branch of the Ural language family. In the course of the study of Medieval and relatively recent burial grounds in the territory of the Narym Ob area of Tomsk Oblast, considerable amount of craniological material has been collected, which constitutes an important historical source for solving general problems of their origins. According to the archaeological and ethnographic materials, the Medieval burials were left by direct ascendants of modern Narym Selkups, whereas the materials from the later burial grounds are directly associated with their specific local-dialect groups. This paper is aimed to introduce into scien-tific discourse virtually all craniological materials known today from the burial grounds left by the Narym Selkups, and, on the basis of the results of group cross-correlation, to identify trends of the territorial variability of the whole community. Significant increase of new finds from the vast territory of the Middle Ob region, population-driven approach to the data analysis and development of the craniometric technique warranted re-grouping of the finds by the territorial principle and their repeated measurement and analysis. In view of the current problem, all cranio-logical materials were grouped into ten sampling series, five of which are published for the first time (the burial ground of Ostyatskaya Gora and four combined craniological series from the burial grounds of Lower Chulym, Narym Ob, Upper Ket, and the Tym and Vasyugan rivers). Analysis of the variability of the series from the Narym Ob region in chronological and geographical bands showed their weak variability in space and time. Therefore, prior to the Russian colonization of Siberia, this region of the Middle Ob area was not invaded by considerably large groups of people of different anthropological appearance. All studied craniological series were samples from the single unity. Although the territorial variability of the anthropological features within the groups of the Narym Selkups is not large, in some cases an influence of territorially closest neighbours on the anthropological structures of particular Selkup populations can be discerned. It appeared that the southern groups exhibit resemblance with their territorially closest Turkic populations of the Chulym and Lower Tom regions, while in the composition of other Narym groups, there have been identified an admixture of the component genetically related to the Turkic populations of the Western-Siberian forest-steppe — Barabino and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, and, although being very weak, an influence of the Ob Ugric populations can be discerned.

Правопреемство в международном праве после распада СССР

After the collapse of the USSR, a huge superpower that occupied one sixth of the land, the question of succession arose before the states that were part of it. The USSR occupied a vast territory, participated in international obligations, had debts, was a member of international organizations. It was obvious that the relationship between the newly formed states depended on how it was possible to divide the “legacy” of the USSR. The USSR took an active position at the international level, was engaged in the development of weapons. The issue of dividing all assets and liabilities worried the entire international community. His decision was difficult, and the legal basis for making decisions on succession did not seem to everyone to be indisputable. At present, it is obvious to everyone that the Russian Federation became the main heir of the USSR, it was the Russian Federation that continued the policy of the USSR, continued to participate in international relations and in the fulfillment of obligations, despite the equality of all states that were part of the USSR. The issues of the succession of the USSR and Russia are the subject of study of modern international law. Within the framework of this article, some aspects of the indicated topic will be highlighted.

Berries instead of bears: new insight into gastronomic attractiveness of Russian Siberia

Active use of berries in regional cuisines underlines gastronomic specifics of Russia. The present study focuses on three regions of Russian Siberia and establishes that edible berries are numerous there and determine specifics of the regional cuisine rooted into the cultural traditions. These cultural and gastronomic traditions developed during four centuries by Russian settlers in Siberia who adapted to severe natural conditions, explored new food resources, and interacted with the local peoples. If so, berries and berry products can be regarded as a kind of ethnic food. Modern berries-based tourism (bacatourism) initiatives and, particularly, berry picking and tasting at you-pick farms and raspberry festival are registered on the study territory. Sellers tend to position berry products as typically Siberian, which permits their use as regional, quasi-ethnic souvenirs. Berries determine significant gastronomic attractiveness of Southern Siberia, and further exploitation of this potential can contribute to sustainable development of this vast territory and maintaining its cultural identity within the broad and diverse Russian space.

Peculiarities of the Spread of HIV infection among Urban and Rural Residents of the Tyumen Region

Relevance. The geographical spread of HIV infection among the population of various administrative territories is very heterogeneous. The Tyumen region, due to its vast territory and the significant remoteness of some areas from the regional center, is of particular interest in the framework of considering the territorial features of the spread of HIV.Aims. To consider peculiarities of the spread of hiv infection among urban and rural residents of the Tyumen region in 1993–2019.Materials & Methods. Statistical data of the «Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS» in the period from 1993 to 2019, annual form No. 61 «Information on the contingents of HIV patients» for 2006–2019, materials of the state report «On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Tyumen region» for 2013–2019. Methods of epidemiological observation were used in the work: analytical and descriptive-evaluative with the use of methods of retrospective and operational analysis and statistical methods.Results and Discussions. A specific feature of the spread of HIV infection among urban and rural residents is the tendency to exceed the regional incidence rate in a number of territories. Analysis of epidemiological data for the period under review showed that all territories of the region are involved in the epidemiological process of HIV infection, and in a number of territories the prevalence rate exceeds the average Russian level. HIV prevalence as of December 31, 2019 was 728.2 per 100 thousand people in Russia. In 17 administrative territories of the Tyumen region the infection rate is higher than the national average level and is per 100 thousand population in the city of Tobolsk – 1903.3, in the districts of Uvat – 1486.2, Tobolsk – 1440.5, Nizhnetavda – 1354.9, Tyumen – 1344.1, Yalutorovsk – 1327.6), in the city. Tyumen – 1249.3, in the districts: Vagay – 1195.2, Zavodoukovsky – 1119.2, in Ishim – 951.8, in the districts: Yarkovsky – 889.6, Vikulovsky – 881.3, Yurginsky – 846.9, Ishimsky district – 842.1, Aromashevsky – 851.6, Isetovsky – 754.4, Uporovsky district – 734.7.Conclusions. The HIV epidemic in the Tyumen region is determined by its economic and geographic location and by the presence of exceptional epidemiologically significant prerequisites for the intensive spread of HIV, in particular, by the routes through which large quantities of drugs are illegally transported (drug trafficking from the northeast).

Numeral Systems in Various Fula Lects

The paper presents the analysis of Fula numeral system. Fula is an Atlantic language, dispersed throughout a vast territory in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has over 20 differently-sized lects subdivided into three zones - Western, Central and Eastern. The research included collecting the language data on six major lects, two from each zone. Then this data was analyzed from the point of view of internal and external syntax of ordinal, cardinal, distributive and fraction numerals. The comparative analysis of Fula numeral system on inter-lect scale has never been reflected in earlier Fula studies. Apart from a unique collection of numeral data from all language zones of Fula, the paper presents comparative analysis of such data, including, but not limited to, phonetic and contact-induced variabilities. The sources of structural and lexical loans in the system are listed wherever possible, because the disperse nature of Fula lects means that the contact languages and the ensuing changes can be different for each lect. Special attention is paid to the numeral bases, which can be somatic, commercial of a combination of the two. The Fula numeral system has never been analyzed from this point of view, and the contact changes to it are of great linguistic interest. Also cardinal numerals in Fula can change their form depending on the personality parameter of head noun. This system is unique for Fula and, more specifically, to its numeral system, and is properly described for the first time. Some parts of the Fula numeral system, like distributive and fraction numerals for some lects, have been found underrepresented and poorly described, which leaves room for further research, both field one and typological.

Sites with rhomb-pit ceramics in the Vologda Region

The paper presents the results of systematization and mapping of known archaeological sites with rhomb-pit ceramics on the territory of the Eastern Onega region, in the basin of the Sheksna River. The research is based on the materials from the funds of Cherepovets and Vologda museums. Such survey has been done for the first time and meets the demand of the lacuna in historiography of the discussed subject. Rhomb-pit ceramics are found on a vast territory. The studied area is also included into the zone of rhomb-pit ceramics spread and comprises its eastern boundary. An important scientific contribution was made by A.A. Alekseyevas field research, A.Ya. Brusov, M.E. Foss, I.K. Cvetkova, R.V. Kozireva and S.V. Oshibkinas publications. In total there are 45 ancient sites, which ceramic collections typologically correlate with similar ceramics of the transition stage from Neolithic to Eneolithic in Karelia. The rhombic stamp is typical for the late stage of the Kargopol culture development on this territory. The obtained results reveal that further archaeological research is needed to conduct an in-depth study of the Neolithic - Eneolithic era of the Vologda Region.

Alien Pests Can Spread Quickly: Wooly Ash Aphid Prociphilus fraxinifolii (Hemiptera: Eriosomatidae) Has Occupied Europe in 18 Years

Prociphilus fraxinifolii (woolly ash aphid) is a pest of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). This species, which is native to North America, was first recorded in Europe in 2003, in Budapest, and then began to spread quickly. In 2019–2021, we first detected P. fraxinifolii in Belarus (Brest) and eight regions of European Russia, namely Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Tambov, Volgograd and Voronezh regions. By 2021, P. fraxinifolii has spread over a vast territory in Europe: from Spain in the west to the Volga River in the east. The distance between the westernmost and easternmost localities is 4180 km. The known range is disjunctive: Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Spain and 16 regions of European Russia. This case indicates that some alien pests are able to occupy the whole of Europe in less than two decades after the first record in the continent. It is known that P. fraxinifolii can infest native ash species F. excelsior, but all our findings, as well as most findings indicated in the literature, were on F. pennsylvanica introduced from North America. We never found P. fraxinifolii on F. excelsior even near infested F. pennsylvanica trees.

ARCHEOLOGY AS A VOCATION: TO THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGIST RIMMA DMITRIEVNA GOLDINA

The article is devoted to the anniversary of the Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History of Udmurtia, Archeology and Ethnography, director of the Institute of History and Culture of the Peoples of the Urals of the Udmurt State University, Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation, founder of the scientific archaeological school Rimma Dmitrievna Goldina. The article briefly outlines the significant scientific problems solved under the guidance of the scientist, presents the key achievements made by the researcher and her colleagues and students during the long-term archaeological research of the vast territory of the Urals by the Kamsko-Vyatka archaeological expedition. The personal contribution of the archaeologist to the development of Ural-Volga and wider - Russian archeology in general, to the formation of university science and the Udmurt State University is shown.

Division of Frosting Type and Frosting Degree of the Air Source Heat Pump for Heating in China

The frosting type and frosting degree of the outdoor heat exchanger of air source heat pump (ASHP) in the heating season are greatly affected by the local environmental temperature and humidity. China has a vast territory, and the climate varies greatly in different regions. Therefore, when the ASHP is running in different climate zones for heating in winter, there are significant differences in the frosting type and frosting degree. In order to achieve deeper understanding of frost formation and provide more accurate guidance for the suitability application of antifrosting and defrosting technologies, a study on the division of frosting type and frosting degree was performed in this work. Based on the three-phase diagram of water and combined with the theory of phase change dynamics, the outdoor heat exchanger of the ASHP in the heating season was divided into four states: neither frosting nor condensation, condensation, condensation frosting, and sublimation frosting, and the proportion of each state in a typical city in different climate zones was calculated. The results showed that more than 80% of the heating seasons in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Changsha, Xi’an, and Harbin had the frosting phenomenon. Sublimation frosting was the main frosting type in Xi’an, Beijing, and Harbin, while Chongqing was all condensation frosting. Moreover, a frosting model was developed and the frosting degree was divided into mild frosting, moderate frosting, and heavy frosting, according to the performance attenuation of the ASHP under frosting conditions. The proportion of each frosting degree in a typical city was achieved. About 50% of the heating seasons in Nanjing and Changsha were distributed in the heavy frost area and 100% in Chongqing.

PEOPLE ARE THE MAIN OBJECT OF PROTECTION IN BUILDINGS WITH DANGEROUS NATURAL PHENOMENA

Despite the current natural hazard in Russia, when most of its vast territory may be exposed to the effects of various hazardous natural phenomena, in all federal laws and regulations of the Russian Federation construction content is not even recognized as the "main object of protection" from these influences. So, one of the indicators of not recognizing people as the "main object of protection" when exposed to hazardous natural phenomena is the lack of provisions in federal laws and regulations of the Russian Federation of construction content, which should address the protection of people's health in buildings under impacts, for example, earthquakes, fires. And this is despite the truth long ago established by medical scientists that in case of an earthquake or fire, the protection of people's health depends on the space-planning and design solutions of buildings. Therefore, the article substantiates that without recognizing people as the "main object of protection" in buildings under dangerous natural phenomena, it is simply impossible to protect people's life and health under these dangerous influences.