IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

FROM REGIONALISM TO KOSLI NATIONALISM AND BEYOND: THE DEMAND FOR A SEPARATE STATE IN WESTERN ODISHA

If we analyze the discourses on regionalism in India or even while trying to make sense of such a tendency, we may find that from a long time, even during the period of British colonialism, regional forces have had their impact at the level of organization of political system in their own ways. Needless to recall that when the Britishers entered India, they could sense the regional variations very well and therefore, established ‘divide and rule’ policy to suit their administration as well as to be fitted to the regional demands and peculiarities. It is, no wonder therefore, to find that the anti-colonial freedom struggle was not a process free of contradictions and variations over different regions. The fact of the matter was that the ‘national’ issue, namely, to establish a free independent and sovereign India superseded all the parochial claims of various regions and their demands. And it is, needless to say that these regional interests and demands, which were subdued during the freedom struggle found an expression and were articulated even within the first decade of India’s independence, which has, in fact, grown both in its number and its intensity with every passage of time, which are reflected in various regional movements, over the period. In this paper, we discuss such a movement taking its stride with every passage of day, in the western part of Odisha—both in its historical as well as contemporary contexts. We make an attempt to bring out what have been the historical causes which have given birth to such a tendency and the contours and trajectories that such a movement is going through over the period, including the current state of affairs as regards Kosal Movement, which is increasingly becoming so vociferous that we can hardly ignore it—either as an observer, as an analyst or as an activist—for or against the call for a separate state in Western Odisha.

The Book “Die Kavaliere von Illuxt”. The New Discovery for XXI Century Reader

The article examines the historical and literary significance of the memoirs of a Baltic German about Latgale. The space between Ilukste and Daugavpils has been little studied. The data about individual estates and their owners is fragmentary. The study is a separate part of a large regional and literary study dedicated to the Baltic Germans living in the territory of Latgale and in Daugavpils region. The aims of the study are to establish a connection between the text of the book and geographical and personal realities, as well as to reveal the relationship of the Baltic Germans with the population of Latgale from a perspective of self-reflection. Understanding “myself” in the eyes of others and “others” in one’s personal perception is getting more relevant as studying these interactions on the basis of literary texts opens for understanding of the current processes in modern society. The specific tasks are to promote a national issue on the material of the given text as well as to determine a link between the memoir text and the jokes of the Baltic Germans (Pratchen), the features of which have been defined in the authorized studies. The text is understood as an object of scientific cognition in which there are no random linguistic or substantive units. The methodology of research is based on the interpretation of a literary text as well as the synthesis of statistical analysis, immanent critique and content analysis. In the course of the study, it was possible to establish a structural and substantive link between individual episodes of the book with the Baltics jokes (Pratchen). For the peoples who inhabited Latgale (southeastern part of Latvia) in the 18th and 19th centuries, the national issue was not decisive, especially among rural people. Difference in perception of oneself and “myself” in the eyes of others was determined by different social status: Germans are the landowners, the rest are servants and badgers. The mental character of the Baltic Germans was shaped, first and foremost, by the family upbringing and education level, commonly university. The key values were love for their native land, pride for their ancestors, honor and service to the state, and faithfulness to the word. On the basis of the life realia described in the book, it is possible to reconstruct the way of life of the people who disappeared from the map of modern Latgale. The research is funded by the Latvian Council of Science, project “The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th till the beginning of the 20th century” project No. lzp-2020/2-0136.

EDUCATION ISSUES AMONG THE PALA'U COMMUNITY IN LAHAD DATU, SABAH

Education is no longer a local or national issue but a universal issue affecting the world today. It has become fundamental to the development of society as well as a key element of any government agenda globally. It also began to play it significant in the community of immigrants or the stateless. The documentation and their citizenship status which are highly debated, thus, have not only sparked another issue such as politics and international relations but also social issues such as humanitarian associated with education. The Pala’u of Lahad Datu has been among the community encountering citizenship and other issues in Malaysia. This study examines the education issues affecting the Pala’u in Lahad Datu, involving 136 participants who provided their responses through a set of survey questionnaires. The study shows that their traditional way of life of being so much atteched with the sea made the viewer's education less important. Apart from that, factors such as bullying in the school, access to school, their nomadic nature of life, and low awareness among their parents also have been the reason why they did not attend school. Moreover, the documentation or the citizenship problem also made the Pala’u ineligible to access school according to Malaysia law.

The Returnee as an Outsider: Reunion and Division in Wang Quan’an’s Apart Together (團圓, tuan yuan)

Mainland Chinese director Wang Quan’an’s Apart Together, which won the Silver Bear Award for Best Screenplay in 2010, tackles the issue of cross-Strait relations by telling the story of Kuomintang veteran Liu Yansheng’s return to mainland China after nearly 40 years of separation from his wife and son. Shanghainese is the main language of the film, a dialect that is used to suggest a local attitude towards the national issue. While earlier Chinese films on similar themes often emphasise the cultural and emotional ties between Taiwan and China, in Wang’s film Liu is characterised as an unwelcome Taiwanese guest, an intruder in his wife’s Chinese family. This essay argues that Wang’s Apart Together contests the People’s Republic of China’s official discourse of cross-Strait reunification by demonstrating the cultural and identity divisions between the Taiwanese character and his Chinese family. Wang provides an alternative perspective on the ‘Taiwan issue’, showing that ordinary people’s experience of cross-Strait reunion might be painful and problematic.

The army and the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918

The process of disorganization of the armed forces of Austria-Hungary in 1918 is considered through the prism of the national issue and the prospects for the further preservation of the Habsburg Monarchy. It is concluded that the military and diplomatic victories won in the early 1918 by Austria-Hungary were illusory and only put off the inevitable defeat of its army. Investigation of the first cases of mass withdrawal from obedience of military units in the spring and summer of 1918, showed that they were an interweaving of social, national-political and military reasons proper. At the same time, a serious discrepancy was revealed between Slovenian and Italian researchers in the interpretation of the reasons for the uprising in the 97th infantry regiment stationed in the Slovenian Radkersburg (Radgon). If for the former it was typical, following the Marxist tradition, to emphasize the social contradictions that led to the revolutionization of the army according to the “Russian model”, the latter praised the participants in the uprising from the Italian side as genuine national patriots. It is shown that the “shock force” of all the soldiers’ uprisings that broke out in the spring and summer of 1918 in the Austro-Hungarian army were servicemen who returned from Russian captivity in the spring of 1918, where some of them were imbued with revolutionary ideas. The conclusion is drawn about the extreme severity of military justice, which condemned many of the insurgents to death, which became the reason for deputy inquiries.

NATIONAL QUESTION IN GERMANY IN 1861 IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ENGLISH CONTEMPORARIES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE WEEKLY «THE SPECTATOR»)

The main purpose of the article is devoted to the presentation of political events in Germany in 1861 on the pages of the British periodical “The Spectator”. The main emphasis is made by the author on the anal-ysis of the coverage by Englishmen of the specifics of the national issue in the German Union: the standpoint of German political groups on the problems of unification of the country, the British awareness of the Schleswig-Holstein problem complexity, their assess-ments of William I role in the upcoming unification process, as well as their understanding of Prussia’s place in European international arena.

History of the development of the nation in Russia: formation of the national construct at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century

In the article there is an analysis of phenomenon of Russian nation through the prism of E. Gellner`s and B. Anderson`s theories. The author proves that the formation period of national construct in our country is the time of the formation of industrial society late 19 – early 20 century when the national issue was developing and Russian philosophers were writing works, affecting it.