In 2002, somel sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fields in the Red River Valley (RRV) of Minnesota and North Dakota had symptoms characteristic of Fusarium yellows (4). In 2004, ≈5% of fields in the RRV had symptomatic plants. Interveinal yellowing of older leaves typically began in mid-July and as the disease progressed, younger leaves turned yellow. Sometimes, one side of the leaf was yellow or necrotic while the other side remained green. As leaves died, they remained attached to the crown. Transverse sections of roots revealed a light gray-brown discoloration of the vascular tissue but no external rotting of roots. Isolations from 35 symptomatic roots collected in eight fields yielded 25 isolates identified as F. oxysporum (from single conidia grown on homemade potato dextrose agar and carnation leaf agar) (3). Pathogenicity was determined by dipping roots of 5-week-old sugar beet plants (cv. ACH 9363) in a suspension of 104 conidia per ml for 8 min (12 isolates, 10 to 12 plants per isolate). Plants were planted in Cone-tainers (3.8 cm diameter × 21 cm; Stuewe and Sons, Inc. Corvallis, OR) containing sterile soil. Three known cultures of F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. & Hans. f. sp. betae Stewart (= F. conglutinans var. betae Stewart [4]) also were included (13 and 216c from L. Hanson, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO; 0-1122 from The Pennyslvania State University Fusarium Research Center). The control was sterile water. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 24 to 27°C with natural light supplemented with illumination from high-pressure sodium-vapor lamps for 16 h daily and lightly fertilized biweekly to avoid chlorosis from nutrient deficiency. After 6 to 7 weeks, plants were rated for disease on a 0 to 4 scale: 0 = no disease; 1 = slight to extreme plant stunting, leaves may be wilted; 2 = chlorotic leaves, some with necrosis at margins; 3 = tap root dried and brown to black in color, leaves dying; and 4 = plant dead (1). The experiment was repeated. Disease severity differed between trials, but all isolates of F. oxysporum and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae resulted in disease ratings statistically (P < 0.05) greater than that of the water control. In Trial 1, isolates of F. oxysporum averaged a rating of 2.1 (range of 1.8 to 3.3) and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae averaged 2.1 (range of 2.0 to 2.2) compared with 0.1 for the water control. One isolate of F. oxysporum had a statistically higher rating than did the cultures of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. In Trial 2, isolates of F. oxysporum averaged a rating of 3.3 (range of 2.7 to 3.7) and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae averaged 3.1 (range of 2.7 to 3.4) compared with 0.2 for the water control. Cultures of F. oxysporum (8 of 12) resulted in ratings statistically higher than that of the least pathogenic culture of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae. Cultures of F. oxysporum and F. oxysporum f. sp. betae recovered from inoculated plants were identical to those used to inoculate plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae on sugar beet in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota. The disease has been reported in California, Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, Oregon, Texas, and Wyoming (1,2). References: (1) R. A. Cramer et al. J. Phytopathol. 151:352, 2003. (2) G. A. Fisher and J. S. Gerik. Phytopathology 84:1098, 1994. (3) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species: An illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press. University Park, 1983. (4) D. Stewart. Phytopathology 21:59, 1931.
Location Allocation of Sugar Beet Piling Centers Using GIS and Optimization
