Numeral Classifiers Used in the Cookbooks

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nadra Nadra ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Volume Size ◽  
Individual Objects

<p>This article is aimed at describing numeral classifier used in the cookbooks. The data were collected through the observation, which is observation of the cookbooks. Through the observation, the data related to numeral classifier are tapped. Besides, noting technique is also used. The analysis of data is done by using “<em>intralingual</em> <em>identity method”</em>. Furthermore, “<em>referential identity method” </em>is also used. The study is done by looking at the reference of numeral classifier.  Based on the data analysis, there are three types of numeral classifier used in the cookbooks, namely numeral classifier for individual objects, collective numeral classifier, and numeral classifier for size. Of the three numeral classifiers, numeral classifier for size (mensural classifier) is widely used. This is caused by the fact that in cooking, size is very important in order the food taste delicious. Numeral classifier for size can be divided into three types, namely, numeral classifier for weight measure, numeral classifier for length size or footage, and numeral classifier for volume size. The most widely used is numeral classifier for volume size, namely eleven forms. However, in terms of occurrence, numeral classifier for weight size is dominantly used.</p>

The Mensural Numeral Classifier Based on the Local Wisdom of Minangkabau Community at Tanah Datar Regency

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Sri Wahyuni ◽  
Nadra Nadra ◽  
Ria Febrina
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Measure Data ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Measurement Units ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Hand Length

This paper discusses the mensural numeral classifier used by the Minangkabau community in Tanah Datar regency. The mensural numeral classifier discussed here is the numeral classifier based on the local wisdom of the community, includes the numeral classifier with unrecognizable as the smallest unit but used as the measurement unit based on the shape or nature of the object which is its measure. Data collected by meeting the informants directly on the location. The data preparation conducted by hearing and interviewing. It carried data analysis through grouping the obtained data into the mensural type, such as the length, weight, size, and volume. Based on data analysis, in Minangkabau language at Tanah Datar regency, it found numeral classifier based on the local wisdom of community which uses as the measurement unit of length, weight, size, and volume. In this language, the standard for the measurement unit is the length of the human body, especially the hands and feet. The mensural numeral classifiers base on the human hand length includes rueh jari, jari, jangka, eto, and dapo. Whereas, the numeral classifier base on the foot length is tapak and langka. Meanwhile, for measurement units of weight, the standard is the objects which can be taken by the adult human, whether lifting by hands or bearing on the back. The mensural numeral classifier of weight includes tayia, kati, and pikua. The units of size also base on parts of the human body but which manage for the measurement unit only for the size which can form with using a finger. The mensural numeral classifier for the size means cakak. For measurement units of volume, there is the standard which based on parts of the human body, such as the hands, and another standard which comes from the things made from bamboo and cane work. The mensural numeral classifiers of weight that bases on the hand size are binjek, gonggam, and kawik. Meanwhile, the mensural numeral classifiers of volume which bases on objects made of bamboo or cane work include cupak, gantang, katidiang, and sumpik.

scholarly journals Generic and Specific Numeral Classifier Input and its Relation to Children’s Classifier and Number Learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Natsuki Atagi ◽  
Catherine M. Sandhofer
Keyword(s):  
Picture Books ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Numerical Development ◽  
Language And Cognition ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Wordless Picture Books ◽  
Numeral Classifier

Abstract In Japanese, numeral classifiers-or measure words-co-occur with numbers in counting phrases. Th e present study characterized parent numeral classifier use and its relation to children’s classifier acquisition and number learning. Twenty-four Japanese-speaking parents and their two- to six-year-old children viewed and talked about two wordless picture books about counting to each other. Children also participated in a Counting task and Give-N task. Results revealed (1) parents’ classifier use changed in relation to children’s age and classifier use, and (2) parents’ increased use of specific classifiers was uniquely associated with children’s number understanding. These results suggest that aspects of children’s language and numerical development are related to parents’ language input, demonstrating the importance of examining the relation between language and cognition in a developmental context.

scholarly journals What Counts in the Acquisition and Attrition of Numeral Classifiers?

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Acquisition Sequence ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Numeral Classifier

This study compares second language (12) acquisition and attrition sequences of the syntax and semantics of numeral classifier systems in light of considerations of markedness, frequency, and the regression hypothesis. In classifier data elicited from English-speaking adult learners and attriters of two East Asia languages, Japanese and Chinese, we find in the attrition of both languages, in both syntax and semantics, a regression of the acquisition sequence. An implicational semantic scale, the Numeral Classifer Accessibility Hierarchy, cOinciding closely with the relative frequencies of the classifiers in input, appears to provide a path of least resistance for the learning and the loss of the semantic systems.

scholarly journals Floating numeral classifiers in Korean: A thematic-structure perspective

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Bok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
New Information ◽  
Semantic Complexity ◽  
Numeral Classifier

The syntactic and semantic complexity of the so-called numeral classifier (NUM-CL) constructions in languages like Korean (Japanese and Chinese as well) has much challenged theoretical as well as computational approaches. Among several types of the NUM-CL constructions, the most complicated type includes the so-called FQ (floated numeral classifier/quantifier) construction where the NUM-CL ˋfloats' away from its antecedent. This paper, couched upon the non-derivational VP-modifier view, shows that in addition to the grammatical function of the host NP and types of the main predicate, properties of the intervening expression between the FQ and its host NP also play an important role in licensing the FQ's distribution. In particular, we show that the FQ introduces new information in discourse and as default sets off rheme in the thematic structure. This functional analysis can provide an answer to several puzzling contrasts we observe in the distribution of the FQ.

Characteristics of numerals and classifiers in Darmdo Minyag

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawa Drolma ◽  
Henriëtte Daudey
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Multiple Roots ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Fractional Numbers

Abstract Based on first-hand data obtained during fieldwork, our article analyses numerals and frequently employed numeral classifiers of Darmdo Minyag. Numeral classifiers are obligated to follow a numeral when counting. There are three different roots for ‘ten’: /ɦa~ʁo/ used in the numbers 10–19; /ʁuɑ/ used in the numbers 20–49; and /ɡa/ used in the numbers 50–99. The presence of multiple roots for ‘ten’ with an initial glottal, uvular or velar stop or fricative has been attested in many languages of the Qiangic area. Although Tibetan forms may be used for all numerals, native forms 99 have been attested in Darmdo Minyag. The influence of Tibetan on cardinal and ordinal numerals, approximate, multiple and fractional numbers is noted as well. Darmdo Minyag has a rich inventory of sorting and mensural classifiers. Shape is the most important feature according to which nouns are categorized. Mensural classifiers may be divided into arrangement classifiers and units of measure. Units of measure are of two types: the first acts as a classifier, the second type is a [noun numeral+classifier] construction. Darmdo Minyag has two types of verbal action classifiers: several verbal action classifiers of unknown origin which modify semantically rich verbs, and numeral-verb combinations which modify a semantically empty verb. The main functions of classifiers are classification and individualization.

Classifier systems or noun categorization devices in Burmese

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Vittrant
Keyword(s):  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
Numeral Classifier

This article will deal with noun categorization devices in Burmese, including the well-known numeral classifier system. It will start by a brief review of typological studies on classifiers, before focusing on the studies done especially on Burmese classifiers. Then, in a second section I will present a summary of the features and functions of NUMERAL classifiers in this language, before taking up the question of another noun classification or noun categorization device.

NP-ellipsis and numeral classifiers in Korean

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Young Park
Keyword(s):  
Controversial Subject ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Internal Argument ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Classifier Languages ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Pf Deletion

Abstract The syntactic status of numeral classifiers with respect to NP-ellipsis in classifier languages has been a controversial subject in many recent discussions. Addressing this issue, this article argues that Korean numeral classifiers can serve as functional heads that license NP-ellipsis via PF-deletion. A null NP appearing in a numeral classifier context cannot be identified with any other null categories, such as a pro or a null NP pro-form. This null NP induces a different reading from a pro, especially when a possessor argument is stacked with a numeral classifier construction. Unlike an NP pro-form, it allows the extraction of an internal argument and exhibits a complementary distribution with kes ‘one’, a visible counterpart of a Korean NP pro-form. This article’s claim gains additional support from the asymmetries in NP-ellipsis of a uy-marked numeral classifier, contingent on its ambiguity, such as a ‘quantity’ or ‘property’ interpretation. In addition, the distribution of bare numerals in relation to the NP pro-form kes offers further evidence, reinforcing the claim.

Analogy, automation and diagrammatic causation

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamin Pelkey
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Gradient Reconstruction ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Asian Languages

One areal feature of East and Southeast Asian languages is the grammaticalization of an augmentative-diminutive pair from the nominals ‘mother’ and ‘child’, respectively (Matisoff 1992). Many Sino-Tibetan languages further grammaticalize noun-class affixes from these kinship nominals, adding a parallel ‘father’ analogy in the process. Some Tibeto-Burman (TB) languages further grammaticalize the resulting kinship trio into numeral classifiers and lexical and clausal nominalizers. This paper presents evidence from the Ngwi branch of Burmic demonstrating a novel, yet parallel, polygrammaticalization process involving ‘youth’ (from TB *lak) as an analogous lexical source. Data from 30 languages inform a gradient reconstruction of two integrated, parallel clines: a nominal suffix series, YOUTH > SPROUT > SLENDER > OBLONG > GENERIC, complemented by a numeral classifier series, YOUTH(S) > AFFINAL KIN > CONSANGUINEAL KIN > NARROW > GENERIC. Both paths underlie the emergence of a collectivizing clausal nominalizer. The results support an emerging consensus: Analogy, automation and diagrammatic causation are irreducibly interdependent components of grammaticalization.

Word order of numeral classifiers and numeral bases

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
One-Soon Her ◽  
Marc Tang ◽  
Bing-Tsiong Li
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Classifier Languages ◽  
Numeral Classifier

Abstract In a numeral classifier language, a sortal classifier (C) or a mensural classifier (M) is needed when a noun is quantified by a numeral (Num). Num and C/M are adjacent cross-linguistically, either in a [Num C/M] order or [C/M Num]. Likewise, in a complex numeral with a multiplicative composition, the base may follow the multiplier as in [n×base], e.g., san-bai ‘three hundred’ in Mandarin. However, the base may also precede the multiplier in some languages, thus [base×n]. Interestingly, base and C/M seem to harmonize in word order, i.e., [n×base] numerals appear with a [Num C/M] alignment, and [base×n] numerals, with [C/M Num]. This paper follows up on the explanation of the base-C/M harmonization based on the multiplicative theory of classifiers and verifies it empirically within six language groups in the world’s foremost hotbed of classifier languages: Sinitic, Miao-Yao, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Tibeto-Burman, and Indo-Aryan. Our survey further reveals two interesting facts: base-initial ([base×n]) and C/M-initial ([C/M Num]) orders exist only in Tibeto-Burman (TB) within our dataset. Moreover, the few scarce violations to the base-C/M harmonization are also all in TB and are mostly languages having maintained their original base-initial numerals but borrowed from their base-final and C/M-final neighbors. We thus offer an explanation based on Proto-TB’s base-initial numerals and language contact with neighboring base-final, C/M-final languages.

scholarly journals Gender and numeral classifiers in Modern Nepali and their Proto-Indo-European analogues

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Marcin Kilarski ◽  
Piotr Gąsiorowski
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Old Irish ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Gender System

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) had two grammatical genders (common and neuter); the feminine was a shared innovation of the non-Anatolian part of the family. Using comparison with Modern Nepali, we argue that the puzzling feminine forms of the numerals ‘3’ and ‘4’ in Celtic and Indo-Iranian, and possibly also some similar constructions in Latin and Old Irish, are survivals of a system of numeral classifiers predating the full gender system. They contain the feminine element * s(o)r-, grammaticalized as a numeral classifier in PIE. A similar situation is attested in Nepali, where grammatical gender occurs alongside numeral classifiers. Analogies between numeral phrases in PIE and Nepali help elucidate the historical development in question.

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