Classifier systems or noun categorization devices in Burmese

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Vittrant
Keyword(s):  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
Numeral Classifier

This article will deal with noun categorization devices in Burmese, including the well-known numeral classifier system. It will start by a brief review of typological studies on classifiers, before focusing on the studies done especially on Burmese classifiers. Then, in a second section I will present a summary of the features and functions of NUMERAL classifiers in this language, before taking up the question of another noun classification or noun categorization device.

scholarly journals What Counts in the Acquisition and Attrition of Numeral Classifiers?

2001 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Acquisition Sequence ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Numeral Classifier

This study compares second language (12) acquisition and attrition sequences of the syntax and semantics of numeral classifier systems in light of considerations of markedness, frequency, and the regression hypothesis. In classifier data elicited from English-speaking adult learners and attriters of two East Asia languages, Japanese and Chinese, we find in the attrition of both languages, in both syntax and semantics, a regression of the acquisition sequence. An implicational semantic scale, the Numeral Classifer Accessibility Hierarchy, cOinciding closely with the relative frequencies of the classifiers in input, appears to provide a path of least resistance for the learning and the loss of the semantic systems.

scholarly journals Numeral Classifiers in Udi: A Unique Contact-Induced Development among Nakh-Daghestanian?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-367
Author(s):  
Timur Maisak
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
The Family

Abstract Following Stilo’s (2018) study of small-inventory classifier systems in a number of Indo-European, Turkic, Kartvelian and Semitic languages of the Araxes-Iran Linguistic Area, the paper presents an account of numeral classifiers in Udi, a Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic) language spoken in northern Azerbaijan. Being a peripheral member of the linguistic area in question, Udi possesses an even more reduced version of a small-classifier system, comprising one optional classifier dänä (Iranian borrowing, most likely via Azerbaijani) used with both human and inanimate nouns. A dedicated classifier for humans is lacking, although there is a word tan (also of Iranian origin) only used after numerals or quantifiers, but predominantly as a noun phrase head. The behaviour of dänä and tan is scrutinized, according to a set of parameters, in both spoken and written textual corpora of the Nizh dialect of Udi. Drawing in the data from the related Nakh-Daghestanian languages, the paper shows that among the languages of the family Udi may be unique in possessing classifiers (albeit as a result of contact), Khinalug possibly being the only other exception.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Newar And Japanese Classifiers

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Arun Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Classifier Selection ◽  
Morphological Selection ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Semantic Parameters

This paper compares and contrasts the numeral classifier systems of two genetically unrelated languages: Newar of Kathmandu and “Hyoujungo”, Japanese spoken in Tokyo, the defacto official language of Japan. It is not the case either in Newar or in Japanese that  nouns in general can be directly quantified by a number. For example, in Newar one cannot say*ni che two house ‘Two houses” for ‘two houses’. Rather, one must say ni-khache ‘two-CL house” Two houses” .The noun che ‘house’ requires that the numeral classifier -kha be affixed to numerals used for counting houses. One might say that che ‘house’ is not conceived of as a separate countable entity. Only when the unit -kha ‘CL’ is suffixed to the number do we have a countable entity. Numeral classifiers: The choice of noun determines the choice of classifier both in Newari and in Japanese. By looking at the nouns associated with a given classifier it is possible to identify the way in which a noun selects its classifier. In Newar there are three different ways in which nouns select their classifiers (1) according to semantic parameters (as when sentient nouns select the classifier -mha, (2) by unique lexical collocation (as when che ‘house’ selects -kha ‘CL’) and (3) by full or partial reduplication (as when ha: ‘leaf’ selects thehead noun ha: itself, where as salakhwa: ‘horse’s hoof’ selects -khwa:, only thelatter portion of the head noun (Hale 2005).These modes can be taken as the basis for a three-term typology of classifier selection: (1) semantic selection, (2) lexical selection, and (3)morphological selection. This paper provides a detailed comparison of  Newar and Japanese classifiers within each of these three types of selection. Though all three types are attested in each language, there are mutual counterparts and skewing between the two languages.

Numeral Classifiers Used in the Cookbooks

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Nadra Nadra ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Numeral Classifier ◽  
Volume Size ◽  
Individual Objects

<p>This article is aimed at describing numeral classifier used in the cookbooks. The data were collected through the observation, which is observation of the cookbooks. Through the observation, the data related to numeral classifier are tapped. Besides, noting technique is also used. The analysis of data is done by using “<em>intralingual</em> <em>identity method”</em>. Furthermore, “<em>referential identity method” </em>is also used. The study is done by looking at the reference of numeral classifier.  Based on the data analysis, there are three types of numeral classifier used in the cookbooks, namely numeral classifier for individual objects, collective numeral classifier, and numeral classifier for size. Of the three numeral classifiers, numeral classifier for size (mensural classifier) is widely used. This is caused by the fact that in cooking, size is very important in order the food taste delicious. Numeral classifier for size can be divided into three types, namely, numeral classifier for weight measure, numeral classifier for length size or footage, and numeral classifier for volume size. The most widely used is numeral classifier for volume size, namely eleven forms. However, in terms of occurrence, numeral classifier for weight size is dominantly used.</p>

scholarly journals Classifier Fitness Based on Accuracy

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Strength Parameter ◽  
System Research ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Expected Payoff ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Accuracy Criterion

In many classifier systems, the classifier strength parameter serves as a predictor of future payoff and as the classifier's fitness for the genetic algorithm. We investigate a classifier system, XCS, in which each classifier maintains a prediction of expected payoff, but the classifier's fitness is given by a measure of the prediction's accuracy. The system executes the genetic algorithm in niches defined by the match sets, instead of panmictically. These aspects of XCS result in its population tending to form a complete and accurate mapping X × A → P from inputs and actions to payoff predictions. Further, XCS tends to evolve classifiers that are maximally general, subject to an accuracy criterion. Besides introducing a new direction for classifier system research, these properties of XCS make it suitable for a wide range of reinforcement learning situations where generalization over states is desirable.

On classifiers and their absence in Classical and Colonial Nahuatl

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-396
Author(s):  
Thomas Stolz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
Functional Factors ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper addresses the issue of the reported optional character of numeral classifiers in Classical and Colonial Nahuatl. On the basis of the qualitative assessment of the co-occurrence of numerals with classifiers or zero in constructions which serve the purpose of quantifying or ordinally ranking NPs, the optionality hypothesis is assessed. The question is raised whether or not the presence and absence of classifiers is arbitrary or triggered by formal and/or functional factors. To this end, empirical evidence of the phenomena under review has been gathered from a selection of texts of the colonial era. Quantitative findings based on the Codex Florentinus are presented too. The discussion of these data uncovers that the classifier system of Classical and Colonial Nahuatl does not lend itself to a straightforward characterization so that further investigations are called for.

Is a Learning Classifier System a Type of Neural Network?

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Smith ◽  
H. Brown Cribbs
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Distinguishing Characteristic ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Learning Classifier System ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
System A ◽  
Learning Classifier ◽  
The Relationship

This paper suggests a simple analogy between learning classifier systems (LCSs) and neural networks (NNs). By clarifying the relationship between LCSs and NNs, the paper indicates how techniques from one can be utilized in the other. The paper points out that the primary distinguishing characteristic of the LCS is its use of a co-adaptive genetic algorithm (GA), where the end product of evolution is a diverse population of individuals that cooperate to perform useful computation. This stands in contrast to typical GA/NN schemes, where a population of networks is employed to evolve a single, optimized network. To fully illustrate the LCS/NN analogy used in this paper, an LCS-like NN is implemented and tested. The test is constructed to run parallel to a similar GA/NN study that did not employ a co-adaptive GA. The test illustrates the LCS/NN analogy and suggests an interesting new method for applying GAs in NNs. Final comments discuss extensions of this work and suggest how LCS and NN studies can further benefit each other.

Analyzing Strength-Based Classifier System from Reinforcement Learning Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-639
Author(s):  
Atsushi Wada ◽  
◽  
Keiki Takadama ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Classifier Systems ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
State Action ◽  
Classifier System ◽  
Learning Classifier ◽  
Value Estimation ◽  
On Line ◽  
On Line Learning

Learning Classifier Systems (LCSs) are rule-based adaptive systems that have both Reinforcement Learning (RL) and rule-discovery mechanisms for effective and practical on-line learning. With the aim of establishing a common theoretical basis between LCSs and RL algorithms to share each field's findings, a detailed analysis was performed to compare the learning processes of these two approaches. Based on our previous work on deriving an equivalence between the Zeroth-level Classifier System (ZCS) and Q-learning with Function Approximation (FA), this paper extends the analysis to the influence of actually applying the conditions for this equivalence. Comparative experiments have revealed interesting implications: (1) ZCS's original parameter, the deduction rate, plays a role in stabilizing the action selection, but (2) from the Reinforcement Learning perspective, such a process inhibits the ability to accurately estimate values for the entire state-action space, thus limiting the performance of ZCS in problems requiring accurate value estimation.

scholarly journals Generic and Specific Numeral Classifier Input and its Relation to Children’s Classifier and Number Learning

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-127
Author(s):  
Natsuki Atagi ◽  
Catherine M. Sandhofer
Keyword(s):  
Picture Books ◽  
Numeral Classifiers ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Numerical Development ◽  
Language And Cognition ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Wordless Picture Books ◽  
Numeral Classifier

Abstract In Japanese, numeral classifiers-or measure words-co-occur with numbers in counting phrases. Th e present study characterized parent numeral classifier use and its relation to children’s classifier acquisition and number learning. Twenty-four Japanese-speaking parents and their two- to six-year-old children viewed and talked about two wordless picture books about counting to each other. Children also participated in a Counting task and Give-N task. Results revealed (1) parents’ classifier use changed in relation to children’s age and classifier use, and (2) parents’ increased use of specific classifiers was uniquely associated with children’s number understanding. These results suggest that aspects of children’s language and numerical development are related to parents’ language input, demonstrating the importance of examining the relation between language and cognition in a developmental context.

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