scholarly journals Solar Powered Electrolysis System for Cooking Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Experimental Rig ◽  
Operational Data

This paper presents a numerical model for a solar powered Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser (PEM) for the generation of hydrogen as fuel for cooking applications. The model was developed in TRNSYS software and includes a novel FORTRAN numerical component to model the operation of the PEM electrolyser, based on operational data from a small-scale experimental rig. The numerical model was calibrated using data from the experimental rig powered by operational data from a photovoltaic panel system in the UK and from Jamaica. The calibrated model was used to develop a case study for a small community in Jamaica with a daily cooking demand of 39.6 kWh or 1.68 kg of H2 gas. Simulation results indicate that the H2 production strategy is satisfactory for the cooking needs of the case-study and appropriate according to the environmental considerations related to cooking

Cost-Effectiveness of Solar-Powered LED Reading Lamps in Burkina Faso

2013 ◽  
pp. 203-221
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Reading Test Scores ◽  
One Year ◽  
6Th Graders

A small-scale project to induce more reading among 5th and 6th graders in rural Burkina Faso by providing them with solar-powered LED lamps indeed increased reading for students in villages without preexisting libraries, but did not affect reading capabilities. The research aimed to establish the magnitude of effects after one year when 10-14 year-olds in rural African villages with small community libraries were given solar-powered lamps for night reading. The effects measured were reading habits (how much did students read?) and reading capabilities (how well could students read and comprehend what they read?). Once village effects were controlled, the lamps had statistically significant effects on reading habits for students in villages without preexisting libraries. The effect sizes were modest, ranging from .20 to .25. There were no effects on reading test scores. A cost-effectiveness metric to use for comparing with other studies of education interventions then is that expenditure of $1 per student on a solar-powered LED reading lamp distribution program generated about a 1% increase in reading, with no apparent effect on reading capabilities.

A numerical model for estimation of water droplet size in the anode channel of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 101021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazem Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Bahare Jahani Kaldehi ◽  
Ramin Jazmi ◽  
Hassan Khaleghi ◽  
Reza Maddahian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Water Droplet ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Exchange Membrane

scholarly journals The Application of Barnes Filter to Positioning the Center of Landed Tropical Cyclone in Numerical Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Zou ◽  
Shanshan Wu ◽  
Xueting Yi ◽  
Nan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Tropical Cyclone ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Model Output ◽  
Sea Level Pressure ◽  
Level Pressure ◽  
Distance Difference

After a tropical cyclone (TC) making landfall, the numerical model output sea level pressure (SLP) presents many small-scale perturbations which significantly influence the positioning of the TC center. To fix the problem, Barnes filter with weighting parameters C=2500 and G=0.35 is used to remove these perturbations. A case study of TC Fung-Wong which landed China in 2008 shows that Barnes filter not only cleanly removes these perturbations, but also well preserves the TC signals. Meanwhile, the centers (track) obtained from SLP processed with Barnes filter are much closer to the observations than that from SLP without Barnes filter. Based on the distance difference (DD) between the TC center determined by SLP with/without Barnes filter and observation, statistics analysis of 12 TCs which landed China during 2005–2015 shows that in most cases (about 85%) the DDs are small (between −30 km and 30 km), while in a few cases (about 15%) the DDs are large (greater than 30 km even 70 km). This further verifies that the TC centers identified from SLP with Barnes filter are more accurate compared to that directly obtained from model output SLP. Moreover, the TC track identified with Barnes filter is much smoother than that without Barnes filter.

Performance Analysis of PEMFC Based Grid-connected Distributed Generation System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Nabi AKPOLAT ◽  
Erkan Dursun
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Generation System

Abstract Background: Less energy consumption and more efficient use of fossil-fueled technologies are among the sustainable energy targets of modern societies. The essential activities to be achieved under these objectives are to increase the distributed generation structures and increase their applicability. The distributed generation (DG) is a small-scale version of the traditional power grid, which is supported by micro turbines, hydrogen fuel cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) modules, combine heat and power systems, and energy storage units. Methods: The aim of this research is to detail performance analyze and unit sizing of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)-based grid-connected distributed generation system with the help of empirical calculations. To this end, we tried to establish the system and analyze the performance of reliable operation of the system with experimental verifications.Results and Conclusions: The results demonstrate the situation of annual production about how much rated power can be generated through the real meteorological data to dispatch the power to the constant variable loads. While, 53.56% of the total energy demand is met by the utility grid, 46.44% of the demand is met by the produced energy i.e., from microgrid. The PEMFC based hybrid microgrid at Marmara University, Faculty of Technology was analyzed in detail in this study. According to the results of the performance analysis, the important points that will be highlighted and will help the researchers working in this field are as follows. Our results are encouraging and can be validated by a larger sample size with the fine weather conditions in terms of the percentage of procurement of energy.

A Solar Powered Microreactor for Hydrogen Production by Methanol Reforming

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rau´l Zimmerman ◽  
Graham Morrison ◽  
Gary Rosengarten
Keyword(s):  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Methanol Reforming ◽  
Exothermic Reactions ◽  
Micro Channels ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Exchange Membrane ◽  
Micro Reactor

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are good candidates for portable energy sources with a fast response to load changes, while being compact as a result of their capability to provide a high power density. Hydrogen constitutes the fuel for the PEMFC and can be obtained in situ to avoid transportation and safety problems. An efficient method to produce hydrogen is by methanol steam reforming in a micro-reactor, an endothermic reaction for which the highest efficiency occurs between 250°C and 300°C. Different methods have been used to reach and maintain these temperatures, including electrical heaters and exothermic reactions. We propose to use solar energy to increase the efficiency of the micro-reactor while taking advantage of a free, renewable energy source. The micro-channels, where the water-methanol mixture flows, are insulated from the surroundings by a thin vacuum layer coated with a selective material. This coating has a high absorptance for short wavelength incoming radiation and low emmitance for infrared radiation, reducing the heat losses. By using these coated insulation layers, the fluid temperature in the microchannels is predicted to be higher than 250°C. Hence, it is expected that the solar powered micro-reactor will produce hydrogen with a higher overall efficiency than the present reactors by taking advantage of the solar radiation.

A Microsolar Collector for Hydrogen Production by Methanol Reforming

2009 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Zimmerman ◽  
Graham Morrison ◽  
Gary Rosengarten
Keyword(s):  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Methanol Reforming ◽  
Exothermic Reactions ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Exchange Membrane ◽  
Low Emittance

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are good candidates for portable energy sources with a fast response to load changes, while being compact as a result of their capability to provide a high power density. Hydrogen constitutes the fuel for the PEMFC and can be obtained in situ to avoid transportation and safety problems. An efficient method to produce hydrogen is by methanol steam reforming in a microreactor, an endothermic reaction for which the highest efficiency occurs between 250°C and 300°C. Different methods have been used to reach and maintain these temperatures including electrical heaters and exothermic reactions. We propose to use solar energy to increase the efficiency of the microreactor while taking advantage of a free renewable energy source. The microchannels, where the water-methanol mixture flows, are insulated from the surroundings by a thin vacuum layer coated with a selective material. This coating has a high absorptance for short wavelength incoming radiation and low emittance for infrared radiation, reducing the heat losses. By using these coated insulation layers, the fluid temperature in the microchannels is predicted to be higher than 250°C. Hence, it is expected that the solar-powered microreactor will produce hydrogen with a higher overall efficiency than the present reactors by taking advantage of the solar radiation.

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