Cost-Effectiveness of Solar-Powered LED Reading Lamps in Burkina Faso

2013 ◽  
pp. 203-221
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Reading Test Scores ◽  
One Year ◽  
6Th Graders

A small-scale project to induce more reading among 5th and 6th graders in rural Burkina Faso by providing them with solar-powered LED lamps indeed increased reading for students in villages without preexisting libraries, but did not affect reading capabilities. The research aimed to establish the magnitude of effects after one year when 10-14 year-olds in rural African villages with small community libraries were given solar-powered lamps for night reading. The effects measured were reading habits (how much did students read?) and reading capabilities (how well could students read and comprehend what they read?). Once village effects were controlled, the lamps had statistically significant effects on reading habits for students in villages without preexisting libraries. The effect sizes were modest, ranging from .20 to .25. There were no effects on reading test scores. A cost-effectiveness metric to use for comparing with other studies of education interventions then is that expenditure of $1 per student on a solar-powered LED reading lamp distribution program generated about a 1% increase in reading, with no apparent effect on reading capabilities.

scholarly journals Solar Powered Electrolysis System for Cooking Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Experimental Rig ◽  
Operational Data

This paper presents a numerical model for a solar powered Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser (PEM) for the generation of hydrogen as fuel for cooking applications. The model was developed in TRNSYS software and includes a novel FORTRAN numerical component to model the operation of the PEM electrolyser, based on operational data from a small-scale experimental rig. The numerical model was calibrated using data from the experimental rig powered by operational data from a photovoltaic panel system in the UK and from Jamaica. The calibrated model was used to develop a case study for a small community in Jamaica with a daily cooking demand of 39.6 kWh or 1.68 kg of H2 gas. Simulation results indicate that the H2 production strategy is satisfactory for the cooking needs of the case-study and appropriate according to the environmental considerations related to cooking

Hygienic risk assessment by monitoring pathogens in municipal sewage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
L. Maunula ◽  
R.M. Niemi ◽  
R. Rimhanen-Finne ◽  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Small Community ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Enteric Protozoa ◽  
Day Care Centre

The purpose of this study was to monitor the levels of human enteric viruses and enteric protozoa and to relate their presence to the microbes used as hygienic quality indicators in domestic sewage from a small community in Finland during a period of one year. Genome-based sensitive detection methods for the pathogens selected (astro- and Norwalk-like viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium) have become available only recently and thus no earlier data was available. The effluent sewage is delivered into a river that serves as raw water for a larger town and the pathogens therefore constitute a health risk. The results showed that all the monitored pathogens could be detected, and that enteric viruses were present at considerable concentrations in sewage. High concentrations of astrovirus in raw sewage were observed during a diarrhea epidemic in the local day-care centre. The presence of viruses did not correlate with the monitored bacterial indicators of faecal contamination (coliforms, E. coli and enterococci) or with bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages and B. fragilis phages). Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from one sample (1/10) each.

scholarly journals A Call for a Reform of the Influenza Immunization Program in Mexico: Epidemiologic and Economic Evidence for Decision Making

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Roberto Tapia-Conyer ◽  
Miguel Betancourt-Cravioto ◽  
Alejandra Montoya ◽  
Jorge Abelardo Falcón-Lezama ◽  
Myrna María Alfaro-Cortes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Decision Analytic Model ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Vaccination Policy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Influenza Case ◽  
One Year ◽  
Effectiveness Studies

Limited information is available to determine the effectiveness of Mexico’s national influenza vaccination guidelines and inform policy updates. We aim to propose reforms to current influenza vaccination policies based on our analysis of cost-effectiveness studies. This cross-sectional epidemiological study used influenza case, death, discharge and hospitalization data from several influenza seasons and applied a one-year decision-analytic model to assess cost-effectiveness. The primary health outcome was influenza cases avoided; secondary health outcomes were influenza-related events associated with case reduction. By increasing vaccination coverage to 75% in the population aged 12–49 years with risk factors (diabetes, high blood pressure, morbid obesity, chronic renal failure, asthma, pregnancy), and expanding universal vaccination coverage to school-aged children (5–11 years) and adults aged 50–59 years, 7142–671,461 influenza cases; 1–15 deaths; 7615–262,812 healthcare visits; 2886–154,143 emergency room admissions and 2891–97,637 hospitalizations could be prevented (ranges correspond to separate age and risk factor groups), with a net annual savings of 3.90 to 111.99 million USD. Such changes to the current vaccination policy could potentially result in significant economic and health benefits. These data could be used to inform the revision of a vaccination policy in Mexico with substantial social value.

scholarly journals A one-year cost–utility analysis of REBOA versus RTACC for non-compressible torso haemorrhage

Trauma ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell S Renna ◽  
Cristiano van Zeller ◽  
Farah Abu-Hijleh ◽  
Cherlyn Tong ◽  
Jasmine Gambini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Cost Utility Analysis ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
One Year ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

Introduction Major trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in young adults, especially from massive non-compressible torso haemorrhage. The standard technique to control distal haemorrhage and maximise central perfusion is resuscitative thoracotomy with aortic cross-clamping (RTACC). More recently, the minimally invasive technique of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has been developed to similarly limit distal haemorrhage without the morbidity of thoracotomy; cost–utility studies on this intervention, however, are still lacking. The aim of this study was to perform a one-year cost–utility analysis of REBOA as an intervention for patients with major traumatic non-compressible abdominal haemorrhage, compared to RTACC within the U.K.’s National Health Service. Methods A retrospective analysis of the outcomes following REBOA and RTACC was conducted based on the published literature of survival and complication rates after intervention. Utility was obtained from studies that used the EQ-5D index and from self-conducted surveys. Costs were calculated using 2016/2017 National Health Service tariff data and supplemented from further literature. A cost–utility analysis was then conducted. Results A total of 12 studies for REBOA and 20 studies for RTACC were included. The mean injury severity scores for RTACC and REBOA were 34 and 39, and mean probability of death was 9.7 and 54%, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of REBOA when compared to RTACC was £44,617.44 per quality-adjusted life year. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, by exceeding the National Institute for Health and Clinical Effectiveness’s willingness-to-pay threshold of £30,000/quality-adjusted life year, suggests that this intervention is not cost-effective in comparison to RTACC. However, REBOA yielded a 157% improvement in utility with a comparatively small cost increase of 31.5%. Conclusion Although REBOA has not been found to be cost-effective when compared to RTACC, ultimately, clinical experience and expertise should be the main factor in driving the decision over which intervention to prioritise in the emergency context.

scholarly journals Intensive care–treated cardiac arrest: A retrospective study on the impact of extended age on mortality, neurological outcome, received treatments and healthcare-associated costs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Elisabet Holmström ◽  
Ilmar Efendijev ◽  
Rahul Raj ◽  
Pirkka T. Pekkarinen ◽  
Erik Litonius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Treatment Intensity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Abstract Background: Cardiac arrest (CA) is a leading cause of death worldwide. As population ages, the need for research focusing on CA in elderly increases. This study investigated treatment intensity, 12-month neurological outcome, mortality and healthcare-associated costs for patients aged over 75 years treated for CA in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. Methods: This single-centre retrospective study included adult CA patients treated in a Finnish tertiary hospital’s ICU between 2005 and 2013. We stratified the study population into two age groups: <75 and 75 years. We compared interventions defined by the median daily therapeutic scoring system (TISS-76) between the age groups to find differences in treatment intensity. We calculated cost-effectiveness by dividing the total one-year healthcare-associated costs of all patients by the number of survivors with a favourable neurological outcome. Favourable outcome was defined as a cerebral performance category (CPC) of 1–2 at 12 months after cardiac arrest. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent association between age group, mortality and neurological outcome. Results: This study included a total of 1,285 patients, of which 212 (16%) were 75 years of age. Treatment intensity was lower for the elderly compared to the younger group, with median TISS scores of 116 and 147, respectively (p < 0.001). The effective cost in euros for patients with a good one-year neurological outcome was €168,000 for the elderly and €120,000 for the younger group. At 12 months after CA 24% of the patients in the elderly group and 47% of the patients in the younger group had a CPC of 1-2 (p < 0.001). Age was an independent predictor of mortality (multivariate OR = 3.36, 95% CI:2.21-5.11, p < 0.001) and neurological outcome (multivariate OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 2.12-5.03, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The elderly ICU-treated CA patients in this study had worse neurological outcomes, higher mortality and lower cost-effectiveness than younger patients. Further efforts are needed to recognize the tools for assessing which elderly patients benefit from a more aggressive treatment approach in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of post-CA management.

scholarly journals Multiyear (2010 – 2014) Assessment of Bollgard II® Efficacy in Commercial Small Scale Farmer Fields in Burkina Faso

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Sacamba Aimé Héma ◽  
Issoufou Ouédraogo ◽  
Karim Traoré ◽  
Ivo Brandt ◽  
Douglas Sumerford
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Scale Farmer

Design and Performance of Small Scale Solar Powered Water Desalination Systems, Utilizing Reverse Osmosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Franc¸a ◽  
H. M. Laborde ◽  
H. Neff
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
High Pressure Pump ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Power Needs

A small scale solar powered desalination system has been designed, analyzed, and optimized with regard to power needs and energy consumption. Both quantities scale linearly with the concentration of the total dissolved salt concentration (TDS) in the feed solution. The desalination of brackish water at a TDS value of 3,000 ppm requires an energy of approximately 1.5 kWh/m3. For seawater at a TDS value of 34,000 ppm, this value increases to 9.5 kWh/m3. The selected type of membrane, the system design, and, in particular, the efficiency of the high pressure pump crucially affect energy consumption. The desalination cost also has been estimated for a small scale system that linearly scale with the TDS value of the feed water. [S0199-6231(00)00104-0]

Assessment of GRACE-FO Laser Ranging Interferometer measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athina Peidou ◽  
Felix Landerer ◽  
David Wiese ◽  
Matthias Ellmer ◽  
Eugene Fahnestock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laser Ranging ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Measurement Sensitivity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mass Transfers ◽  
Gravity Recovery ◽  
System Errors

&lt;p&gt;The performance of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow&amp;#8208;On (GRACE-FO) laser ranging interferometer (LRI) system is assessed in both space and frequency domains. With LRI&amp;#8217;s measurement sensitivity being as small as 0.05 nm/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; at GRACE-FO altitude we perform a thorough assessment on the ability of the instrument to detect real small-scale high-frequency gravity signals. Analysis of range acceleration measurements along the orbit for nearly one year of daily solutions suggests that LRI can detect signals induced by mass perturbation up to 26 mHz, i.e., ~145 km spatial resolution. Additionally, high frequency signals that are not adequately modeled by dealiasing models are clearly detected and their magnitude is shown to reach 2-3 nm/s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The alternative K&amp;#8208;band microwave ranging system (KBR) is also examined and results demonstrate the inability of KBR to retrieve signals above 15mHz (i.e., shorter than ~200 km) as the noise of the KBR range acceleration increases rapidly. Overall, the first stream of LRI measurements shows that the high signal to noise ratio allows for detection of mass transfers in finer scales, however the ability to fully exploit the high-quality signal measured by the LRI in Level 2 products is still constrained by noise of background models and other onboard instrumentation and measurement system errors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Copyright Acknowledgment: This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cryosphere Science Program.&lt;/p&gt;

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