Southern by Degrees

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hofmeyr
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
The South ◽  
Anglophone Literature ◽  
Subantarctic Islands ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Antarctic

From the perspective of Anglophone literature, the South Atlantic has been something of a blank—in colonial maritime fiction, a prefatory space leading up to the Cape of Storms or on the journey home, a fast-forward space as the ship hurries to the metropole. This article suggests that one way to fill this blank is to focus on the subantarctic islands of the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. This insular world played a key role in the scramble for the Antarctic and reproduces the role of islands in imperial expansion elsewhere. The article examines two contrasting literary representations of these island worlds: H. Rider Haggard’s novel Mary of Marion Isle and Yvette Christiansë’s collection of poetry Imprendehora.

scholarly journals The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1498-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenfu Dong ◽  
Silvia Garzoli ◽  
Molly Baringer
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Heat Transport ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
The South ◽  
Meridional Heat Transport ◽  
Interior Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract The interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) increase in the AMOC strength would cause a 0.054 ± 0.003 PW increase in MHT at approximately 34°S. The main feature in the AMOC and MHT across 34°S is their increasing trends during the period 1980–93. Separating the transports into boundary currents and ocean interior regions indicates that the increase in transport comes from the ocean interior region, suggesting that it is important to monitor the ocean interior region to capture changes in the AMOC and MHT on decadal to longer time scales. The linear increase in the MHT from 1980 to 1993 is due to the increase in advective heat converged into the South Atlantic from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Of the total increase in the heat convergence, about two-thirds is contributed by the Indian Ocean through the Agulhas Current system, suggesting that the warm-water route from the Indian Ocean plays a more important role in the northward-flowing water in the upper branch of the AMOC at 34°S during the study period.

scholarly journals A ÁFRICA DO SUL, O ATLÂNTICO SUL E A EQUAÇÃO IBAS-BRICS: O ESPAÇO TRANSATLÂNTICO EM TRANSIÇÃO

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Kornegay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
African Continent ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean

In a context of increasing South-South cooperation, the members of an important trilateral dialogue forum that represent the emergent powers – IBSA –, have been incorporated into another organization, BRICS. It resulted from an overlap of the Southern developing countries into the domain of the Euro-Asiatic great powers. Bearing in mind that both alliances are centered on the geostrategic space of the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic, South Africa´s South Atlantic strategic potential in tandem with Brazil is of extreme importance. It is possible to differentiate two steams in the transatlantic ties: the Afro-Latin and the trans-Mediterranean.  It is also relevant to place the role of Angola in the African continent as a possible influence in South Atlantic´s dynamics, given due importance to the Lusophone ties which are represented by CPLP.

A Secret People of South Asia. The Origins, Evolution and Role of the Luso-Indian Goan Community from the Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries

Itinerario ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Indian Ocean Region ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Ocean Region ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Until fairly recently, histories of European imperial expansion in the Indian Ocean region have been written largely in terms of the endeavours of Europeans in creating and controlling empire. Only in the last couple of decades has recognition been given slowly to the role of the indigenous economic and political compradors, both large and small, who were vital to the evolution and sustenance of European colonial empires.

Arabic as a Language of the South Asian Chancery: Bahmani Communications to the Mamluk Sultanate

Arabica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Meia Walravens
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract A growing body of literature on trade and cultural exchange between the Indian Ocean regions has already contributed significantly to our understanding of these processes and the role of language and writing within them. Yet, the question remains how Arabic correspondence played a part in communications between South Asian powers and the rulers in the Red Sea region. In order to begin filling this lacuna, this article studies epistolary writings from the Bahmani Sultanate (748/1347-934/1528) to the Mamluk Sultanate (648/1250-922/1517) during the second half of the ninth/fifteenth century. The contextualisation and discussion of three letters render insight both into the (up to now unstudied) issues at play in Bahmani-Mamluk relations and into the nature of these Arabic texts.

scholarly journals Revisiting remote drivers of the 2014 drought in South-Eastern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 3197-3211
Author(s):  
Kathrin Finke ◽  
Bernat Jiménez-Esteve ◽  
Andréa S. Taschetto ◽  
Caroline C. Ummenhofer ◽  
Karl Bumke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Tropical Pacific ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract South-Eastern Brazil experienced a devastating drought associated with significant agricultural losses in austral summer 2014. The drought was linked to the development of a quasi-stationary anticyclone in the South Atlantic in early 2014 that affected local precipitation patterns over South-East Brazil. Previous studies have suggested that the unusual blocking was triggered by tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and, more recently, by convection over the Indian Ocean related to the Madden–Julian Oscillation. Further investigation of the proposed teleconnections appears crucial for anticipating future economic impacts. In this study, we use numerical experiments with an idealized atmospheric general circulation model forced with the observed 2013/2014 SST anomalies in different ocean basins to understand the dominant mechanism that initiated the 2014 South Atlantic anticyclonic anomaly. We show that a forcing with global 2013/2014 SST anomalies enhances the chance for the occurrence of positive geopotential height anomalies in the South Atlantic. However, further sensitivity experiments with SST forcings in separate ocean basins suggest that neither the Indian Ocean nor tropical Pacific SST anomalies alone have contributed significantly to the anomalous atmospheric circulation that led to the 2014 South-East Brazil drought. The model study rather points to an important role of remote forcing from the South Pacific, local South Atlantic SSTs, and internal atmospheric variability in driving the persistent blocking over the South Atlantic.

scholarly journals The South Atlantic in the Fine-Resolution Antarctic Model

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 826-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Stevens ◽  
S. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Circumpolar Current ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Circumpolar Current ◽  
Fine Resolution ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The geographical area covered by the Fine-Resolution Antarctic Model (FRAM) includes that part of the South Atlantic south of 24°S. A description of the dynamics and thermodynamics of this region of the model is presented. Both the mean and eddy fields in the model are in good agreement with reality, although the magnitude of the transients is somewhat reduced. The heat flux is northward and in broad agreement with many other estimates. Agulhas eddies are formed by the model and propagate westward into the Atlantic providing a mechanism for fluxing heat from the Indian Ocean. The confluence of the Brazil and Falkland currents produces a strong front and a large amount of mesoscale activity. In the less stratified regions to the south, topographic steering of the Antarctic circumpolar current is important.

Hydrology of the Indian Ocean. I. The Water Masses in Intermediate Depths of the South-East Indian Ocean

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
East Indian ◽  
The North ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
East Indian Ocean

Three water masses have been identified from maxima and minima in temperature-salinity diagrams for intermediate depths of the south-east Indian Ocean. (1) The Antarctic Intermediate occurred as a salinity minimum within the density range of 7.00-27.28 σt. (2) The North-West Indian Intermediate was found as a salinity maximum within the σt range 27.20-27.50. (3) The Banda Intermediate, lying below the North-West Indian Intermediate, had the characteristic of a salinity minimum within the σt range of 27.28-27.59. Preformed phosphate has been found useful as a third conservative property for the identification of major paths of spreading. The distribution and paths of spreading of the three water masses are shown in charts of the Indian Ocean east of 90�E.

Water Mass Transformation and Subduction in the South Atlantic

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1841-1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donners ◽  
S. S. Drijfhout ◽  
W. Hazeleger
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract The transformation of water masses induced by air–sea fluxes in the South Atlantic Ocean is calculated with a global ocean model, Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modeling (OCCAM), and has been compared with several observational datasets. Air–sea interaction supplies buoyancy to the ocean at almost all density levels. The uncertainty of the estimates of water mass transformations is at least 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), largely caused by the uncertainties in heat fluxes. Further analysis of the buoyancy budget of the mixed layer in the OCCAM model shows that diffusion extracts buoyancy from the water column at all densities. In agreement with observations, water mass formation of surface water by air–sea interaction is completely balanced by consumption from diffusion. There is a large interocean exchange with the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Intermediate water is imported from the Pacific, and light surface water is imported from the Indian Ocean. South Atlantic Central Water and denser water masses are exported to the Indian Ocean. The air–sea formation rate is only a qualitative estimate of the sum of subduction and interocean exchange. Subduction generates teleconnections between the South Atlantic and remote areas where these water masses reemerge in the mixed layer. Therefore, the subduction is analyzed with a Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Surface water obducts in the South Atlantic, while all other water masses experience net subduction. The subducted Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water reemerge mainly in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current farther downstream. Lighter waters reemerge in the eastern tropical Atlantic. As a result, the extratropical South Atlantic has a strong link with the tropical Atlantic basin and only a weak direct link with the extratropical North Atlantic. The impact of the South Atlantic on the upper branch of the thermohaline circulation is indirect: water is significantly transformed by air–sea fluxes and mixing in the South Atlantic, but most of it reemerges and subducts again farther downstream.

scholarly journals Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the large-scale circulation in South America

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Ana C. T. Sen ◽  
Gudrun Magnusdottir
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South America ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean

AbstractThe influence of each phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the largescale circulation in South America is investigated using rainfall observations, fully-coupled, large-ensemble, historical simulations (LENS), and forced experiments using the coupled model’s atmospheric component. IOD events often occur when El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the largest source of interannual variability of precipitation in South America, is active. To distinguish from effects of ENSO, only cases during neutral ENSO conditions are analyzed in LENS and observations. During the positive IOD polarity, a perturbation in the localWalker circulation leads to increased convection over equatorial South America, resulting in wet anomalies in the Amazon basin. This signal is the opposite of what is expected during El Niño events. Tropical convection anomalies in the Indian Ocean also force an extratropical Rossby wave train that reaches subtropical South America. During positive IOD, the moisture flux from the Amazon to central and southeastern Brazil weakens, resulting in a drying of the area associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Meanwhile, the South Atlantic Subtropical High strengthens, contributing to a drying in southeastern Brazil. During negative IOD, the induced wave train from the Indian Ocean leads to increased moisture transport to the La Plata basin, leading to wet anomalies in the region.

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