Arabic as a Language of the South Asian Chancery: Bahmani Communications to the Mamluk Sultanate

Arabica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Meia Walravens
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract A growing body of literature on trade and cultural exchange between the Indian Ocean regions has already contributed significantly to our understanding of these processes and the role of language and writing within them. Yet, the question remains how Arabic correspondence played a part in communications between South Asian powers and the rulers in the Red Sea region. In order to begin filling this lacuna, this article studies epistolary writings from the Bahmani Sultanate (748/1347-934/1528) to the Mamluk Sultanate (648/1250-922/1517) during the second half of the ninth/fifteenth century. The contextualisation and discussion of three letters render insight both into the (up to now unstudied) issues at play in Bahmani-Mamluk relations and into the nature of these Arabic texts.

scholarly journals The Role of Interocean Exchanges on Decadal Variations of the Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1498-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenfu Dong ◽  
Silvia Garzoli ◽  
Molly Baringer
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Heat Transport ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
The South ◽  
Meridional Heat Transport ◽  
Interior Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Abstract The interocean exchange of water from the South Atlantic with the Pacific and Indian Oceans is examined using the output from the ocean general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) during the period 1980–2006. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the interocean exchanges in the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and its associated meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. The meridional heat transport from OFES shows a similar response to AMOC variations to that derived from observations: a 1 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) increase in the AMOC strength would cause a 0.054 ± 0.003 PW increase in MHT at approximately 34°S. The main feature in the AMOC and MHT across 34°S is their increasing trends during the period 1980–93. Separating the transports into boundary currents and ocean interior regions indicates that the increase in transport comes from the ocean interior region, suggesting that it is important to monitor the ocean interior region to capture changes in the AMOC and MHT on decadal to longer time scales. The linear increase in the MHT from 1980 to 1993 is due to the increase in advective heat converged into the South Atlantic from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Of the total increase in the heat convergence, about two-thirds is contributed by the Indian Ocean through the Agulhas Current system, suggesting that the warm-water route from the Indian Ocean plays a more important role in the northward-flowing water in the upper branch of the AMOC at 34°S during the study period.

scholarly journals Evolution of two troughs in the tropical Indian Ocean and their characteristic features

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-398
Author(s):  
M.S. SINGH ◽  
B. Lakshmanaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Characteristic Features

Evolution and characteristic features of double trough systems in the tropical Indian Ocean have been studied with the help of Climatological Atlas (Part I andIl) ~f the Tropical Indian Oc.ean (Hastenrath and Lamb 1979). It is confirmed that there are two troughs (Northern Hemisphere EquatorIal Trough and Southern Hemisphere Equatorial Trough) in this region (including south Asian landmass) all the year round, one in northern hemisphere and the other in southern. Both are migratory in nature and, perhaps, thermal in origin.  In the convergent zones of the two troughs, there is extensive cloudiness. The migration of these trough systems during their respective summer seasons appear to be related to the extensive heating of the south Asian/ African land masses surrounding the Indian Ocean in north and west.  

Southern by Degrees

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Hofmeyr
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
The South ◽  
Anglophone Literature ◽  
Subantarctic Islands ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Antarctic

From the perspective of Anglophone literature, the South Atlantic has been something of a blank—in colonial maritime fiction, a prefatory space leading up to the Cape of Storms or on the journey home, a fast-forward space as the ship hurries to the metropole. This article suggests that one way to fill this blank is to focus on the subantarctic islands of the South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean. This insular world played a key role in the scramble for the Antarctic and reproduces the role of islands in imperial expansion elsewhere. The article examines two contrasting literary representations of these island worlds: H. Rider Haggard’s novel Mary of Marion Isle and Yvette Christiansë’s collection of poetry Imprendehora.

scholarly journals Mixing state of refractory black carbon aerosol in the South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 9173-9199
Author(s):  
Sobhan Kumar Kompalli ◽  
Surendran Nair Suresh Babu ◽  
Krishnaswamy Krishna Moorthy ◽  
Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh ◽  
Mukunda Madhab Gogoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Equatorial Indian Ocean ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
The South ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Continental Outflow ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Regional climatic implications of aerosol black carbon (BC), which has a wide variety of anthropogenic sources in large abundance, are well recognized over South Asia. Significant uncertainties remain in its quantification due to a lack of sufficient information on the microphysical properties (its concentration, size, and mixing state with other aerosol components) that determine the absorption potential of BC. In particular, the information on the mixing state of BC is extremely sparse over this region. In this study, the first observations of the size distribution and mixing state of individual refractory black carbon (rBC) particles in the South Asian outflow to the south-eastern Arabian Sea and the northern and equatorial Indian Ocean regions are presented based on measurements using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) aboard the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases, and Radiation Budget (ICARB-2018) ship during winter 2018 (16 January to 13 February). The results revealed significant spatial heterogeneity of BC characteristics. The highest rBC mass concentrations (∼938±293 ng m−3) with the highest relative coating thickness (RCT; the ratio of BC core to its coating diameters) of ∼2.16±0.19 are found over the south-east Arabian Sea (SEAS) region, which is in the proximity of the continental outflow. As we move to farther oceanic regions, though the mass concentrations decreased by nearly half (∼546±80 ng m−3), BC still remained thickly coated (RCT∼2.05±0.07). The air over the remote equatorial Indian Ocean, which received considerable marine air masses compared to the other regions, showed the lowest rBC mass concentrations (∼206±114 ng m−3) with a moderately thick coating (RCT∼1.73±0.16). Even over oceanic regions far from the landmass, regions that received the outflow from the more industrialized east coast/the Bay of Bengal had a thicker coating (∼104 nm) compared to regions that received outflow from the west coast and/or peninsular India (∼86 nm). Although different regions of the ocean depicted contrasting concentrations and mixing state parameters due to the varied extent and nature of the continental outflow as well as the atmospheric lifetime of air masses, the modal parameters of rBC mass–size distributions (mean mass median diameters ∼ 0.19–0.20 µm) were similar over all regions. The mean fraction of BC-containing particles (FBC) varied in the range of 0.08–0.12 (suggesting significant amounts of non-BC particles), whereas the bulk mixing ratio of coating mass to rBC mass was highest (8.31±2.40) over the outflow regions compared to the remote ocean (4.24±1.45), highlighting the role of outflow in providing condensable material for coatings on rBC. These parameters, along with the information on the size-resolved mixing state of BC cores, throw light on the role of sources and secondary processing of their complex mixtures for coatings on BC under highly polluted conditions. Examination of the non-refractory sub-micrometre aerosol chemical composition obtained using the aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) suggested that the overall aerosol system was sulfate-dominated over the far-oceanic regions. In contrast, organics were equally prominent adjacent to the coastal landmass. An association between the BC mixing state and aerosol chemical composition suggested that sulfate was the probable dominant coating material on rBC cores.

scholarly journals A ÁFRICA DO SUL, O ATLÂNTICO SUL E A EQUAÇÃO IBAS-BRICS: O ESPAÇO TRANSATLÂNTICO EM TRANSIÇÃO

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Kornegay
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
African Continent ◽  
The South ◽  
The Indian Ocean

In a context of increasing South-South cooperation, the members of an important trilateral dialogue forum that represent the emergent powers – IBSA –, have been incorporated into another organization, BRICS. It resulted from an overlap of the Southern developing countries into the domain of the Euro-Asiatic great powers. Bearing in mind that both alliances are centered on the geostrategic space of the Indian Ocean and the South Atlantic, South Africa´s South Atlantic strategic potential in tandem with Brazil is of extreme importance. It is possible to differentiate two steams in the transatlantic ties: the Afro-Latin and the trans-Mediterranean.  It is also relevant to place the role of Angola in the African continent as a possible influence in South Atlantic´s dynamics, given due importance to the Lusophone ties which are represented by CPLP.

Origins of the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
James F. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Royal Road ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
International Trade Network

Abstract This chapter highlights the ocean transport and trade routes that facilitated the spice trade in the Indian ocean. This chapter consists of twelve subchapters which are Central Role of Rivers, Persian Gulf Routes, The Red Sea and Beyond, Early Indonesian Seafarers, Royal Road of the First Persian Empire, Persian and Greek Explorations, Arab Stranglehold on Egyptian Trade, War Elephants and Red Sea Travel, the way to India, The Roman Sea, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and lastly, Rome's Breathtaking International Trade Network.

The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kīsh Merchants under Mongol Rule: The Role of the Indian Ocean, Fārs and Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 428-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Yokkaichi
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Mongol Rule

AbstractBased on a variety of literary and archaeological sources, notably the tariff lists produced in Rasulid Yemen, this study reconstructs the trade routes of the Kīsh merchants, demonstrating that the Persian Gulf route—between South and West India (Coromandel, Malabar, and Gujarat) and Iraq via the Persian Gulf—and the Red Sea route—between South and West India and Egypt via the Red Sea—were closely connected in the Mongol period. This not only manifests aspects of the proto-globalization in Mongol Eurasia but also argues against the supposed economic decline of post-1258 Baghdad and the economic centrality of Cairo in the post-Abbasid Muslim world.

Hemispheric Insolation Forcing of the Indian Ocean and Asian Monsoon: Local versus Remote Impacts*

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (23) ◽  
pp. 6195-6208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Zhengyu Liu ◽  
John E. Kutzbach ◽  
Steven C. Clemens ◽  
Warren L. Prell
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Asian Monsoon ◽  
Tropical Indian Ocean ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Summer Insolation ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Insolation Forcing

Abstract Insolation forcing related to the earth’s orbital parameters is known to play an important role in regulating variations of the South Asian monsoon on geological time scales. The influence of insolation forcing on the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon is studied in this paper by isolating the Northern and Southern Hemispheric insolation changes in several numerical experiments with a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The focus is on the response of South Asian summer rainfall (monsoon strength) with emphasis on impacts of the local versus remote forcing and possible mechanisms. The model results show that both Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer insolation changes affect the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon as a local forcing (in the same hemisphere), but only the SH changes result in remote (in the other hemisphere) forcing. The NH insolation change has a local and immediate impact on NH summer monsoons from North Africa to South and East Asia, while the SH insolation change has a remote and seasonal-scale delayed effect on the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. When the SH insolation is increased from December to April, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern tropical Indian Ocean remains high from January to July. The increased SST produces more atmospheric precipitable water over the southern tropical Indian Ocean by promoting evaporation from the ocean. The enhanced precipitable water over the southern Indian Ocean is transported northward to the South Asian monsoon region by the lower-tropospheric mean cross-equatorial flows with the onset of the Asian monsoon increasing precipitable water over South Asia, eventually leading to the increase of Indian summer monsoon precipitation. Thus, these model experiments, while idealized and not fully representing actual orbitally forced insolation changes, confirm the broadscale response of northern monsoons to NH summer insolation increases and also illustrate how SH summer insolation increases can have a delayed influence on the Indian summer monsoon.

Distribution of Banda Intermediate water in the Indian Ocean

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Rochford
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Westward Movement ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

Banda Intermediate water has been identified as a salinity minimum (salinity 34.58-34.70‰) on the 27.40 σt surface, separated from Antarctic Intermediate to the south by an oxygen minimum of Red Sea origin. Banda water of these characteristics has been found as far west as Madagascar within a 0-20�S. zone of the Indian Ocean. Along110�E. Banda water was in maximum concentration at about 10� s. in August- December 1962. At this latitude and time of the year relatively strong (7-11 cm per sec) geostrophic currents to the west were found. Between January and July 1964 little or no net westward movement along 110� E, occurred. A strong (22 cm per sec) easterly flow of Red Sea water south of the Chagos Is, seems to retard the westward movement of Banda water and to divert its flow to the south.

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