The Generative Mechanism of Boomerang Intention: From the Perspective of Legacy Identification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 15391
Author(s):  
Tian Zehui ◽  
Qinghong Yuan ◽  
Shan Shan Qian ◽  
Yanyan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Abbas Farasoo

Abstract This paper explores the question of what drives proxy alignment in war and argues that current proxy war scholarship needs further thinking to go beyond focusing on the principal–agent theory and individual actors’ motivation analysis. Rather, there is a need to look at the generative mechanisms of proxy alignment as a process that constitutes patterns of friend–enemy relations. The paper argues securitization patterns from domestic to regional and international levels drive actors to re-evaluate their positions and define their enemies and friends. This is a process of securitization alignment and confluence, which serves as a generative mechanism for proxy alignment in a conflict. Securitization alignment is based on a convergence of securitizations by different actors that create a friend–enemy dynamic and convergence of security interests between actors. The confluence of securitizations from the domestic level to regional and beyond also connects actors across different levels to be in alignment and impact the conflict.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yixin Chen ◽  
Suixin Liu ◽  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Zhe Li ◽  
Jing Quan ◽  
...  

Ferroptosis is a recently identified nonapoptotic form of cell death whose major markers are iron dependence and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, accompanied by morphological changes such as shrunken mitochondria and increased membrane density. It appears to contribute to the death of tumors, ischemia-reperfusion, acute renal failure, and nervous system diseases, among others. The generative mechanism of ferroptosis includes iron overloading, lipid peroxidation, and downstream execution, while the regulatory mechanism involves the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, as well as the mevalonate pathway and the transsulfuration pathway. In-depth research has continuously developed and enriched knowledge on the mechanism by which ferroptosis occurs. In recent years, reports of the noninterchangeable role played by selenium in glutathione peroxidase 4 and its function in suppressing ferroptosis and the discovery of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, identified as a ferroptosis resistance factor parallel to the glutathione peroxidase 4 pathway, have expanded and deepened our understanding of the mechanism by which ferroptosis works. Ferroptosis has been reported in spinal cord injury animal model experiments, and the inhibition of ferroptosis could promote the recovery of neurological function. Here, we review the latest studies on mechanism by which ferroptosis occurs, focusing on the ferroptosis execution and the contents related to selenium and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1. In addition, we summarize the current research status of ferroptosis in spinal cord injury. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanisms by which ferroptosis occurs and its role in the pathophysiological process of spinal cord injury, so as to provide a new idea and frame of reference for further exploration.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentin Worgotter ◽  
Chris Geib ◽  
Minija Tamosiunaite ◽  
Eren Erdal Aksoy ◽  
Justus Piater ◽  
...  

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Yong ◽  
J. C. Osler

Most previous studies of frost heave and associated frost heaving pressures have been concerned with the process of ice lensing and ice segregation, and the primary mechanism used to explain the related phenomena of heave and pressure is seen to be consistent with the process of formation of ice lenses. Thus, while certain investigators may disagree on various details, there appears to be general agreement on the mechanisms which form the basis for the so-called capillary model for the prediction of frost heaving and associated pressures. In addition, various criteria used for the assessment of frost susceptibility rely implicitly on the admissibility of this model as their rationale.This study questions the advisability of using a singular capillary model, in view of the wide range of conditions and constraints prevailing at any one time. Since soil freezing involves moisture movement and associated resultant volumetric expansion at both the macroscopic and microscopic scale arising from temperature and osmotic gradients, it is clear that a comprehensive theory to rationally explain heave and (or) heaving pressures is needed to account for all major factors which influence the total response of the frozen soil system. In this respect, the results of a critical examination of recent field and laboratory tests performed at McGill University and elsewhere are used to show that the available theories may be too restricted in scope to explain all facets of the observed behavior of frozen natural soils. To overcome the shortcomings noted above, an extended generative mechanism is developed and procedures for the examination of actual results are presented.


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